The Overhead Projector (Ohp)

The Overhead Projector (OHP) August 24, 2012 Introduction Overhead Projectors are still being used in a lot of schools, like in the Philippines. It is not as modern as other equipments, but it still serves its purpose which is to show enlarged images on screen. I. Description The Overhead Projector is an optical device for showing images on screen, usually for group viewing. The OHP is mainly used for projecting charts, sketches, and other material prepared on sheets of transparent plastic. II. Techniques You can show pictures and diagrams, using a pointer on the transparency to direct attention to a detail. The silhouette of your pointer will show in motion on the screen. †¢ You can use a felt paper or wax-based pencil to add details or to make points on the transparency during projection.†¢ You can control the rate of presenting information by covering a transparency with a sheet of paper or cardboard (opaque material) and then exposing data as you are ready to discuss ea ch point. This is known as the Progressive Disclosure Technique. You can superimpose additional transparency sheets as overlays on a base transparency so as to separate processes and complex ideas into elements and present them in step-by-step order. †¢ You can show three-dimensional objects from the stage of the projector-in silhouette if the object is opaque or in color if an object is made of transparent color plastic. †¢ You can move overlays back and forth across the base in order to rearrange elements of diagrams or problems. †¢ For special purpose, you can simulate motion on parts of a transparency by using the effects of polarized light. You can simultaneously project on an adjacent screen other visual materials, usually slides or motion pictures, which illustrate or apply the generalization shown on a transparency. Other reminders on the effective use of the OHP are: †¢ Stand off to one side of the OHP while you face the students. †¢ Don’t ta lk on the screen. Face the students when you talk, not the screen.†¢ Place the OHP to your right, if you are right handed, and to your left if you are left handed. †¢ Place the OHP on a table low enough so that it does not block you or the screen. Have the top of the screen tilted forward towards the OHP to prevent the â€Å"keystone effect† (where the top of the screen is larger than the bottom). †¢ Avoid the mistake of including too much detail on each image. A simple layout makes an effective slide. If an audience needs to be given details, provide handouts to be studied later. †¢ Avoid large tables of figures. Come up with graphic presentations. †¢ Don’t read the text on your slide. Your audience can read. †¢ Avoid too much text. Rely sparingly on printed text. Come up with more graphs, diagrams, or pictures. †¢ Your presentation must be readable from afar. Simple use of color can add effective emphasis. III. Advantages †¢ Th e projector itself is simple to operate. †¢ The OHP is used in the front of the room by the instructor who has complete control of the sequence, timing, and manipulation of this material.†¢ Facing his class and observing student reactions, the instructor can guide his audience, control its attention, and regulate the flow of information in the presentation. †¢ The projected image behind the instructor can be as large as necessary for all in the audience to see; it is clear and bright, even in fairly well-lighted rooms. Since the transparency, as it is placed on the projector, is seen by the instructor exactly as students see it on the screen, he may point, write, or otherwise make indications upon it to facilitate communication. †¢ The stage (projection surface) of the projector is large (10 by 10 inches), thus allowing the teacher to write information with ease or to show prepared transparencies.†¢ It is especially easy for teachers and students to create t heir own materials for use in the OHP. †¢ An increasing number of high-quality commercial transparencies. Brown, 1969) IV. Limitations †¢ It requires a constant power supply and a white flat surface on which its image can be projected. †¢ If the surface is not suitably inclined at the correct angle, the image will suffer from a phenomenon called â€Å"keystone effect. † †¢ Handwritten material can look sloppy if not pre-prepared. †¢ Presenter and audience can be distracted by the light's glare. †¢ Lamps can burn out and interrupt a presentation. Summary The Overhead Projector is indeed a very versatile equipment. With prepared materials, we can do so much in a short time.We can save much time when we present our lectures on transparencies instead of writing notes or drawings naively on the chalkboard. Also, by learning how to use it properly, we are able to realize our instructional objectives, and adopting them in teaching ensures a lasting lear ning for our students. Sources: †¢ Educational Technology 1 by Brenda B. Corpuz ; Paz I. Lucido †¢ http://www. safetyxchange. org/training-and-leadership/part-3-overhead-projectors †¢ http://www. buzzle. com/articles/what-is-an-overhead-projector. html †¢ New Standard Encyclopedia (Volume 13) pp. 592-593

Milburn High School Hazing- Argumentative

For the last ten to fifteen years, the first day of school at Millburn High School has hosted an event that continues today. Every year, the â€Å"popular† seniors send out a â€Å"slut list†, slap stickers on student’s backs, blow whistles in faces, and shove students into lockers. The victims of these activities are usually the â€Å"popular† incoming freshmen. In 2010, the event gained media attention and the administration has done their best to discontinue this tradition.The administration at Millburn High School will not be able to stop the first day of school activities, and, therefore, should not be involved. The amount of students that participate and the fact that no one will speak up will make it extremely difficult for anyone to stop this tradition. The most influential factor is that there are so many students that participate. This year there was â€Å"†¦the distribution of a ‘slut list,’ including vulgar descriptions of mo re than 20 freshmen. † (5) Consequently, for every freshmen involved there is at least one senior that is also involved.The number of people that participate makes it virtually impossible for any administrative action to stop the happenings at Millburn High School. The administration would have to discipline a huge clique each year in the senior class. In concerning the â€Å"slut list†, â€Å"When a kid says, ‘I just found it on the floor and picked it up,’ it becomes a little bit messier. † (2) The difficulty of targeting each individual who participates should only further discourage any administrative involvement. Furthermore, the fact that no one is willing to speak up causes a serious problem. We spoke to at least a dozen freshmen and half a dozen seniors, and not one person wanted to really give any names†¦none of the 150 faculty members reported seeing any hazing incidents this year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3) This is very hard to believe consider ing the amount of students participating and the trouble they supposedly cause. It is simply not possible that no one witnessed any sort of â€Å"hazing†. This could be a result of fear or they do not wish to stop the events, along with freshmen who are even on the list.How can an administration discipline students if they do not have any evidence that they did anything wrong? â€Å"There’s very little we can really do if a student doesn’t come to us and say this is what happened. † (2) It just simply is not possible. No only is it an insurmountable task to stop the first day events, but staff should not try to stop the events in the first place. A graduate herself even stated â€Å"I knew that it was a harmless tradition †¦while there really is no reason for seniors to feel the need to exert their power over incoming students, it is HARMLESS. (6) Therefore, it should not be considered hazing. â€Å"There have been no reports of injuries requiring medical attention†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2) Yet, in many other high schools incoming freshmen are physically abused and publicly humiliated, which should be classified as hazing. A dumb list and being shoved into lockers or whistles blown in faces should not. No, true hazing is much, much worse. The administration should only be responsible for keeping the events under control; however, not eliminating the tradition all together.In conclusion, the Millburn High School â€Å"hazing†, which has been happening for ten to fifteen years now, has been blown way out of proportion. â€Å"†¦they’re taking stuff and twisting it†¦really it’s all fun. † (1) The administration of the school will not be able to stop the events due to the amount of people involved and the fact that no one will speak up. They should not try to stop it, just control it. The freshmen of 2010 should be able to continue the tradition when they are the seniors of 2014. It is simply a harmle ss tradition that should just be left alone.

Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Pollution is the beginning of a waste into the ambiance doing it impossible to do life on Earth possible to prolong. Pollution is the debut of a contamination into the environment. It is created largely by human actions, but can besides be a consequence of natural catastrophes. Pollution has a damaging consequence on any living being in an environment, doing it virtually impossible to prolong life. Pollution harms the Earth ‘s environment and its people in many ways. Presence of affair ( gas, liquid, solid ) or energy ( heat, noise, radiation ) whose nature, location, or measure straight or indirectly alters features or procedures of any portion of the environment, and causes ( or has the possible to do ) harm to the status, wellness, safety, or public assistance of animate beings, worlds, workss, or belongings. The debut of contaminations into a natural environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to theA ecosystem i.e. Physical systems or populating organisms.A Pollution can take the signifier ofA chemical substancesA orA energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; when of course happening, they are considered contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. Pollution is frequently classed asA point sourceA orA nonpoint beginning pollution. There are two types of the cause of pollution, natural and man-made. Natural pollution occurs of course and wo n't do inordinate injury to our lives due to its regeneration ability. While the semisynthetic pollution is caused by human activities, and hard to acquire rid of. The anchors of semisynthetic pollution are human population and engineering. Naturally human needs contact to the environment, we get resources fro m nature. This is for the interest of life. By the addition of human population, the contact is acquiring more intensive, because demands are increasing. And by the findings and development of new engineerings, human can use them to acquire the resources. And it ‘s common that new engineerings would convey their several side effects besides their advantages.TYPES OF POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION LIGHT POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION THERMAL POLLUTION SHIP POLLUTION RADIATION POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTIONAir pollution is the accretion of risky substances into the ambiance that danger human life and other life affair. Air pollutionA is the debut ofA chemicals, A particulate affair, orA biological materialsA that cause injury or uncomfortableness to worlds or other life beings, or amendss theA natural environmentA into theA atmosphere. The ambiance is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is indispensable to back up life on planetA Earth.A StratosphericA ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a menace to human wellness every bit good as to the Earth'sA ecosystems. Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with O which is indispensable for our organic structures to populate. Air is 99.9 % N, O, H2O vapour and inert gases. Human activities can let go of substances into the air, some of which can do jobs for worlds, workss, and animals.There are several chief types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are normally discussed. These include smog, acerb rain, the nursery consequence, and â€Å" holes † in the ozone bed. Each of these jobs has serious deductions for our wellness and wellbeing every bit good as for the whole environment. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as â€Å" black C † pollution. The fumes from firing fuels in cars, pla ces, and industries is a major beginning of pollution in the air. Some governments believe that even the combustion of wood and wood coal in hearths and barbecues can let go of important quanitites of carbon black into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as S dioxide, C monoxide, N oxides, and chemical bluess. These can take portion in farther chemical reactions once they are in the ambiance, organizing smog and acerb rain.Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:Sulfur oxidesA ( SOx ) – Sulfur dioxide is a chemical compound with the expression SO2. SO2A is produced by vents and in assorted industrial procedures. Since coal and crude oil frequently contain sulfur compounds, their burning generates sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxidesA ( NOx ) – Nitrogen dioxideA are emitted from high temperature burning. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the expression NO2. It is one of the several N oxides. This red-brown toxic gas has a characteristic crisp, seize with teething olfactory property. NO2A is one of the most outstanding air pollutants. Carbon monoxideA – It is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but really toxicant gas. It is a merchandise by uncomplete burning of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular fumes is a major beginning of C monoxide. Carbon dioxideA ( CO2 ) – It is aA nursery gas which isA emitted from burning but is besides a gas critical toA life beings. It is a natural gas in the ambiance. Volatile organic compoundsA – VOCs are an of import outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are frequently divided into the separate classs of methane ( CH4 ) and non-methane ( NMVOCs ) . Methane is an highly efficient nursery gas which contributes to heighten planetary heating. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are besides important nursery gases via their function in making ozone and in protracting the life of methane in the ambiance, although the consequence varies depending on local air quality. ToxicA metals- such asA lead, A cadmiumA andA Cu. ChlorofluorocarbonsA ( CFCs ) – It is harmful to theA ozone layerA emitted from merchandises presently banned from usage. AmmoniaA ( NH3 ) -Ammonia is emitted from agricultural procedures. Ammonia is a compound with the expression NH3. It is usually encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent olfactory property. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritionary demands of tellurian beings by functioning as a precursor to groceries and fertilisers. Ammonia, either straight or indirectly, is besides a edifice block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in broad usage, ammonium hydroxide is both acerb and risky. OdorsA – such as from refuse, sewerage, and industrial procedures Radioactive pollutantsA which are produced byA atomic detonations, warA explosives, and natural procedures such as theA radioactive decayA ofA Rn.Secondary pollutants include:Smog is a sort of air pollution ; the word â€Å" smog † is a blend of fume and fog. Authoritative smog consequences from big sums of coal combustion in an country caused by a mixture of fume and S dioxide. Modern smog does non normally come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emanations that are acted on in the ambiance by sunshine to organize secondary pollutants that besides combine with the primary emanations to organize photochemical smog. Photochemical and chemical reactions affecting it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the ambiance by twenty-four hours and by dark. At abnormally high concentrations brought approximately by human activities ( mostly the burning of fossil fuel ) , it is a pollutant, and a component of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrateA ( PAN ) – likewise formed from NOxA and VOCs.Minor air pollutants include:A big figure of minorA risky air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under theA Clean Air ActA and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. A assortment ofA relentless organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate affair. Persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) are organic compounds that are immune to environmental debasement through chemical, biological, and photolytic procedures. Because of this, they have been observed to prevail in the environment, to be capable of long-range conveyance, bioaccumulate in human and carnal tissue, biomagnify in nutrient ironss, and to hold possible important impacts on human wellness and the environment.Beginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONAnthropogenetic sourcesA ( human activity ) largely related to firing different sorts ofA fuel â€Å" Stationary Beginnings † include fume tonss ofA power workss, fabricating installations ( mills ) and waste incinerators, every bit good as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning warming devices â€Å" Mobile Beginnings † includeA motor vehicles, Marine vass, aircraft and the consequence of sound etc. Exhausts fromA pigment, A hair spray, A varnish, A aerosol spraysA and other dissolvers Waste deposition inA landfills, which generateA methane. Methane is non toxic ; nevertheless, it is extremely flammable and may organize explosive mixtures with air. Methane is besides an asphyxiant and may displace O in an enclosed infinite. Asphyxia or asphyxiation may ensue if the O concentration is reduced to below 19.5 % by supplanting. Military, such asA atomic arms, A toxic gases, A source warfareA andA rocketryNatural beginningsDustA from natural beginnings, normally big countries of land with small or no flora. Methane, A emittedA by theA digestionA of nutrient byA animate beings, for exampleA cowss. RadonA gas from radioactive decay within the Earth ‘s crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, of course happening, radioactive baronial gas that is formed from the decay of Ra. It is considered to be a wellness jeopardy. Radon gas from natural beginnings can roll up in edifices, particularly in confined countries such as the cellar and it is the 2nd most frequent cause of lung malignant neoplastic disease, after coffin nail smoke. SmokeA andA C monoxideA fromA wildfires. VolcanicA activity, which produceA S, A Cl, and ashA particulates.HOW TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTIONThe undermentioned points are normally used as pollution control devices by industry or transit devices. They can either destroyA contaminantsA or take them from an exhaust watercourse before it is emitted into the ambiance. Particulate control Mechanical aggregators Electrostatic precipitators A An electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) , or electrostatic air cleansing agent is a particulate aggregation device that removes atoms from a fluxing gas ( such as air ) utilizing the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are extremely efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easy take all right particulate affair such as dust and fume from the air watercourse. Baghouses These areA designed to manage heavy dust tonss, a dust aggregator consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust remotion system Particulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a signifier of pollution control engineering. The term describes a assortment of devices that use pollutants from a furnace fluke gas or from other gas watercourses. In a wet scrubber, the contaminated gas watercourse is brought into contact with the scouring liquid, by spraying it with theliquid, by coercing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to take the pollutants. Scrubbers Baffle spray scrubber Cyclonic spray scrubber Mechanically assisted scrubber Spray tower Wet scrubber NOx control Low NOx burners Selective catalytic reductionA Selective non-catalytic decrease NOx scrubbers Catalytic convertor Acid Gas/SOHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide † 2A control Wet scrubbers Dry scrubbers Do n't smoke Keep your auto care up-to-date Do n't purchase merchandises that come inA aerosolA spray tins Avoid utilizing lighter fluid when barbecuing outside When you drive accelerate easy and utilize sail control Always replace your auto ‘s air filter Use a push or electric lawnmower instead than a gas-powered 1 Do n't utilize rough chemical cleaners that can breathe exhausts Inspect your gas contraptions and warmers on a regular basisFacts about Air PollutionAbout 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every twenty-four hours, adding nursery gases into the air. U.S. vehicle emanations contribute 45 % to planetary heating The mean grownup consumes 3,000 gallons of contaminated air every twenty-four hours Vehicle fumes contributes to 60 % of C monoxide emanations in the U.S. and up to 95 % in big metropoliss Every twelvemonth 335,000 Americans dice of lung malignant neoplastic disease, which is a direct consequence of air pollutionBeginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONSome of the chief subscribers to H2O pollution are: Factories Refineries Waste intervention installations Mining Pesticides, weedkillers and fertilisers Human sewerage Oil spills Failing infected systems Soap from rinsing your auto Oil and antifreeze leaking from autos Family chemicals Animal wasteWATER POLLUTIONWater pollution is the debut ofA chemical, biological and physical affair into big organic structures of H2O that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Oil spills, family chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers are the major beginnings of H2O pollution. The best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies because it causes injury to the rivers and lakes. Water pollution affects workss and beings populating in theseA organic structures of H2O ; and, in about all instances the consequence is damaging non merely to individualA speciesA and populations, but besides to the naturalA biological communities. Water pollution occurs whenA pollutantsA are discharged straight or indirectly into H2O organic structures without adequateA treatmentA to take harmful compounds. Water pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking worldwide cause of deceases and diseases, A and that it accounts for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily.A An estimated 700 millionA IndiansA have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal illness every day.A Some 90 % ofA China ‘s metropoliss suffer from some grade of H2O pollution, A and about 500 million people lack entree to safe imbibing water.A In add-on to the acute jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, A industrialized countriesA continue to fight with pollution jobs every bit good. In the most recent national study onA H2O qualityA in theA United States, 45 per centum of assessedA streamA stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lakeA estates, and 32 per centum of asse ssedA bayA and estuarineA square milesA were classified as polluted.Facts about Water PollutionOver two-thirds of U.S. estuaries and bays are badly debauched because of N and phosphoric pollution Every twelvemonth about 25 % of U.S. beaches are closed at least one time because of H2O pollution Over 73 different sorts of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we finally use to imbibe 1.2 trillion gallons of sewerage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. Waterss every twelvemonth 40 % of U.S. rivers are excessively polluted for aquatic life to last Americans use over 2.2 billion lbs of pesticides every twelvemonth, which finally washes into our rivers and lakesHow to Prevent Water PollutionThe best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies. Here are a few more ways you can forestall H2O pollution: Wash your auto far off from any storm H2O drains Do n't throw rubbish, chemicals or dissolvers into cloaca drains Inspect your infected system every 3-5 old ages Avoid utilizing pesticides and fertilisers that can run off into H2O systems Brush your private road alternatively of hosing it down Always pump your waste-holding armored combat vehicles on your boat Use non-toxic cleansing stuffs Clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and sweet them up Do n't rinse pigment coppices in the sinkNOISE POLLUTIONNoise pollutionA ( orA environmentalA noise ) is displeasing human, carnal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or carnal life. The wordA noiseA comes from the Latin wordA sicknesss, intending mal de mer. The beginning of most out-of-door noise worldwide is chiefly building A andA transit systems, includingA motor vehicleA noise, A aircraft noise andA rail noise. PoorA urban planningA may give rise to resound pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential edifices can ensue in noise pollution in the residential country. Indoor and out-of-door noise pollution beginnings includeA auto dismaies, exigency serviceA Sirens, mechanical equipment, A fireworks, compressedA air horns, evidences maintaining equipment, barking Canis familiariss, contraptions, A lightingA busyness, audio amusement systems, electric A megaphones, and loud people. The fact that you ca n't see, gustatory sensation or smell it may assist explicate why it has non received every bit much attending as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or H2O pollution.A The air around us is invariably filled with sounds, yet most of us would likely non state we are surrounded by noise.A Though for some, the persi stent and intensifying beginnings of sound can frequently be considered an annoyance.A This â€Å" irritation † can hold large danger.MITIGATION AND CONTROL FOR NOISE POLLUTIONHere are a assortment of schemes for mitigatingA roadway noiseA including: usage ofA noise barriers, restriction of vehicle velocities, change of roadway surface texture, restriction ofA heavy vehicles, usage of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to cut down braking and acceleration, and tyre design. An of import factor in using these schemes is aA computing machine modelA forA roadway noise, that is capable of turn toing localA topography, weather forecasting, traffic operations and conjectural extenuation. Costss of building-in extenuation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning phase of a roadway undertaking. Aircraft noiseA can be reduced to some extent by design of quieterA jet engines, which was pursued smartly in the 1970s and 1980s. This scheme has brought limited but noticeable decrease of urban sound degrees. Reconsideration of operations, such as alteringA flight pathsA and clip of twenty-four hours track usage, has demonstrated benefits for residential populations near airports.A FAAA sponsored residential retrofit ( insularity ) plans initiated in the 1970s has besides enjoyed success in cut downing interiorA residentialA noise in 1000s of abodes across theA United States. Exposure of workers toA Industrial noiseA has been addressed since the 1930s. Changes include redesign of industrial equipment, daze mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Noise Free America, a national anti-noise pollution organisation, regularly anterooms for the enforcement of noise regulations at all degrees of authorities.LIGHT POLLUTIONTheA International Dark-Sky AssociationA ( IDA ) definesA light pollutionA as: Any inauspicious consequence of unreal light includingA sky freshness, A blaze, A light trespass, A light jumble, decreased visibleness at dark, and energy waste. Such an attack confuses the cause and its consequence, however.A PollutionA is the adding-of/added visible radiation itself, in analogy to added sound, CO2A etc. Adverse effects are multiple, some of them may be non known yet. Real definitions are to be, hence, like: Change of natural visible radiation degrees in the out-of-door environment owing to unreal light beginnings. Light pollution is the change of light degrees in the out-of-door environment ( from those present of course ) due to semisynthetic beginnings of visible radiation. Indoor light pollution is such change of light degrees in the indoor environment due to beginnings of visible radiation, which compromises human wellness. Light pollution is the debut by worlds, straight or indirectly, of unreal visible radiation into the environment. In malice of the scientific attack, The U.S.A National Park Service, whose Night Sky Team determined that about every park that it surveyed has noticeable light pollution, A defines the term still as: Chiefly, the light of the dark sky caused by unreal visible radiation beginnings, diminishing the visibleness of stars and other natural sky phenomena. Besides includes other incidental or noticeable facets of out-of-door illuming such as blaze, trespass into countries non necessitating illuming, usage in countries where or at times when illuming is non needed, and perturbation of the natural nighttime landscape. Light pollution obscures the stars in theA dark skyA for metropolis inhabitants, interferes withA astronomicalA observatories, and, like any other signifier of pollution, disruptsA ecosystemsA and has inauspicious wellness effects. Light pollution can be divided into two chief types: ( 1 ) raging visible radiation that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light scene ( 2 ) inordinate visible radiation ( by and large indoors ) that leads to discomfort and inauspicious wellness effects. Since the early 1980s, a globalA dark-sky movementA has emerged, with concerned people runing to cut down the sum of light pollution. Light pollution is a side consequence of industrial civilisation. Its beginnings include edifice exterior and interior lighting, advertisement, commercial belongingss, offices, mills, street lamps, and illuminated featuring locales.WAYS TO REDUCE LIGHT POLLUTIONReducing light pollution implies many things, such as cut downing sky freshness, cut downing blaze, cut downing light trespass, and cut downing jumble. The method for best cut downing light pollution, hence, depends on precisely what the job is in any given case. Possible solutions include: Using light beginnings of minimal strength necessary to carry through the visible radiation ‘s intent. Turning visible radiations off utilizing a timer or tenancy detector or manually when non needed. Bettering illuming fixtures, so that they direct their visible radiation more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects. Adjusting theA typeA of visible radiations used, so that the light moving ridges emitted are those that are less likely to do terrible light pollution jobs. Measuring bing illuming programs, and re-designing some or all of the programs depending on whether bing visible radiation is really needed.LAND POLLUTIONLandA pollutionA is pollution of the Earth ‘s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities. Land pollutionA is the debasement of Earth ‘s land surfaces frequently caused by human activities and their abuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is non fain decently. Health jeopardy disposal of urban and industrial wastes, development of minerals, and improper usage of dirt by unequal agricultural patterns are a few factors.A UrbanizationA andA industrializationA are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution set a series of events into gesture which destroyed natural home grounds and polluted the environment, doing diseases in both worlds and other species of animate beings.Beginnings OF LAND POLLUTIONSome of the chief subscribers to set down pollution are: Chemical and atomic workss Industrial mills Oil refineries Human sewerage Oil and antifreeze leaking from autos Mining Littering Overcrowded landfills Deforestation Construction dustFact ABOUT LAND POLLUTIONEvery twelvemonth one American produces over 3285 lbs of risky waste Land pollution causes us to lose 24 billion dozenss of top dirt every twelvemonth Americans generate 30 billion froth cups, 220 million tyres and 1.8 billion disposable nappies every twelvemonth We throw off plenty trash every twenty-four hours to make full 63,000 refuse trucks Every twenty-four hours Americans throw off 1 million bushels of litter out their auto window Over 80 % of points in landfills can be recycled, but they ‘re nonHow to Prevent Land PollutionThe best manner to forestall land pollution is to recycle. Here are a few other ways you can cut down land pollution: Reuse any points that you can Buy biodegradable merchandises Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containers Eat organic nutrients that are grown withoutA pesticides Do n't utilize pesticides Use a trickle tray to roll up engine oil Buy merchandises that have small packaging Do n't dump motor oil on the landMARINE POLLUTIONMarine pollutionA occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can ensue from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, A atoms, industrial, agricultural and residentialA waste, noise, or the spread of invasive beings. Most beginnings of Marine pollution are land based. The pollution frequently comes fromA nonpoint sourcesA such as agricultural A runoffA and windblown dust. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny atoms which are so taken up by A planktonA and benthosA animate beings, most of which are either sedimentation orA filter feeders. In this manner, the toxins areA concentrated upwardA within oceanA nutrient ironss. Many atoms combine chemically in a mode extremely depletive ofA O, causingA estuariesA to becomeA anoxic. When pesticides are incorporated into theA Marine ecosystem, they rapidly go captive into marineA nutrient webs. Once in the nutrient webs, these pesticides can do mutants, every bit good as diseases, which can be harmful to worlds every bit good as the full nutrient web. Toxic metalsA can besides be introduced into marine nutrient webs. These can do a alteration to weave affair, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growing in marine life. Besides, manyA carnal feedsA have a highA fish mealA orA fish hydrolysateA content. In this manner, Marine toxins can be transferred to land animate beings, and appear subsequently in meat and dairy merchandises.TERMAL POLLUTIONThermal pollutionA is the debasement ofA H2O qualityA by any procedure that changes ambient waterA temperature. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as aA coolantA byA power plantsA and industrial makers. When H2O used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the alteration in temperature ( a ) DecreasesA oxygenA provide ( B ) AffectsA ecosystemA composing.SHIP POLLUTIONShip pollutionA is the pollution of air andA waterA byA transportation. It is a job that has been speed uping asA tradeA has become progressively globalized, presenting an increasing menace to the universe ‘s oceans and waterways asA globalizationA continues.RADIATION POLLUTIONRadiation pollution is any signifier of ionising or no ionizing radiation that consequences from human activities. The most well-known radiation consequences from the explosion of atomic devices and the controlled release of energy by nuclear-power generating workss ( see atomic energy ) . Other beginnings of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing workss, byproducts of excavation operations, and experimental research research labs. Increased exposure to medical X beams and to radiation emanations from microwave ovens and other family contraptions, although of well less magnitude, all constitute beginnings of environmental radiation. Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased following the revelation of possible harmful effects to the populace from atomic arms proving, the accident ( 1979 ) at the Three Mile Island nuclear-power generating works near Harrisburg, Pa. , and the ruinous 1986 detonation at Chernobyl, a Soviet atomic power works. In the late eightiess, disclosures of major pollution jobs at U.S. atomic arms reactors raised apprehensivenesss even higher.REFRENCESPollution causes consequence and control By Roy M.Harrison Air Pollution By Jeremy Coils Global consequence of environmental pollution By Siegfied Fred Singer Water Wars By Vandana Shiva Pollution By Christiane Dorion www.google.com Wikipedia.org

What are the Most Important Aspects of Zaras Essay

What are the Most Important Aspects of Zaras - Essay Example The study reveals that the company remains consistent with its information technology management and also remains focused on its preference for decentralized decision making and speed. Since Zara operates in the retail industry, Information Technology (IT) plays a crucial role in its business activities. Information technology is helping the company to manage queues inside the outlet, control inventory and handle POS-terminals (Point-of-Sale terminal). In addition, IT is playing the all-important role in managing Zara’s online store. The report also uncovered that, with the use of information technology, the company has been able to achieve competitive advantage over its competitors. One of the key findings of the study is that Zara is using outdated software. According to the technical lead of ZARA, the software may be outdated but is highly stable. However, it has been identified that any changes in the system configuration by the hardware vendors may negatively impact the company’s POS terminal operation. Therefore to get rid of this issue the report has provided some recommendations to the company. These recommendations comprise of how the company can update its software without affecting the stability and easy-to-understand interface. The study is about analyzing the most important aspects of Zara’s approach to information technology management. Apart from that, the report will also shed light on whether or not these approaches are applicable and appropriate anywhere in the organization. In order to satisfy these objectives, the study will carry out an in-depth analysis of the external business environment of Zara and a brief internal analysis of the company. However, the focus will be mainly on the information technology management of the company. Based on the findings, the report will draw a conclusion and provide some recommendations regarding how to improve the productivity of the company.

Commercial banks in Saudi Arabia Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Commercial banks in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example However, besides improvement of an economy, it is very important that commercial banks must look into their internal aspects and ensure fulfilment of their own objectives that is to achieve profitability that is the foremost and basic objective of every commercial organization around the globe. In this regard, while commercial banks play an imperative role in a country’s economy, they put efforts to ensure their own sustainability, as well as environmental sustainability that subsequently results in their own profitability. In this regard, there exist various determining factors that decide profitability of banking institutions, especially commercial banking organizations and it is important to analyze such factors. Significance In particular, it is an observation since the period of recession, a huge number of banking organizations are confronting problems in ensuring their profitability, and thus, outcomes of the proposed research will be effective in understanding different factors that play a crucial role in ensuring profitability in commercial banks. In addition, results of the proposed research will enable banking students to acquire a critical perspective of different processes of commercial banking that cause success or failure in terms of profitability, and therefore, understanding of the proposed research’s outcomes will be very significant in eliminating any adverse factors from the processes. At the same time, it will allow the potential bankers to give significance to factors that play a noteworthy role in guaranteeing profitability in the commercial banking industry. Research Objectives Before carrying out research, it is very imperative that the researcher ensures clarified understanding of aims and objectives, as it is an observation that vague objectives often result in unproductive outcomes, and thus, the research proposal will now include aims and objectives of the proposed research: Identify and examine different internal and e xternal factors that play a crucial role in affecting the profitability of commercial banking organizations Scrutinize the extent of impact of such factors in different banking processes Study the effects of identified factors in the case study of a commercial banking organization in Saudi Arabia Identify and recommend strategies that may ensure positive impact of studied factors on profitability of commercial banks, specifically, in the corporate culture of Saudi Arabia Research Statement In this regard, the researcher will focus on the following research statement to fulfill the aims and objectives of the research: â€Å"To identify and analyze the factors that affect profitability of commercial banks, specifically, in Saudi Arabia† LITERATURE REVIEW Commercial banks are a key aspect in the financial growth as well as stability of nations. They are the main providers of funding for development ventures, credit and services for business dealings. They as well have an effect on money supply within the financial system through lending practices. Commercial banks in Saudia have shown record financial performance during the last five years, along with impressive economic development. The challenge for banking industry is to launch inventive ways in its functions leading to better financial

Topical case study report Who will stop Apple's dominance of the music Essay

Topical case study report Who will stop Apple's dominance of the music delivery business - Essay Example There are some elements of surprise with each of the Apple product. This element of surprise has been the primary strategy for Apple. Whenever Apple launches a new product, million dollars are generated in free internet publicity. This has been an important part of Apple’s carefully designed strategy in order to gain customer attention (OGrady, 2008). Today some of the major products of Apple include Macintosh computer, Apple TV, iPod, iPhone, iTunes etc. In April, 2003 Apple first launched its online music store, iTunes. The music store was launched with 200,000 tracks. There are exclusive tracks 20 special artists which include U2 and Bob Dylan (Borland, J. April 28, 2003). Apple, with the launching of this new online music store, has made its position stronger than it was ever before in the digital music world. Now, the question is that could this dominance of Apple be stopped. This paper includes an in depth strategic analysis of Apple as well as of iTunes. Strategic tools that are used are Porter’s five forces model, PESTLE analysis, and Porter’s generic model. The paper also includes a critical analysis of Apple’s competitor analysis, its current market share and position. Finally the paper ends with conclusion and some specific recommendation. iTunes Music Store was launched in United kingdom in mid of 2004. Almost 800,000 songs were sold in the first week only. With this huge figure Apple surpassed OD2 which is the main competitor of the company in the first few days. As far as features were concerned UK stores were almost identical to the stores in US. Competitiveness of online music stores market could be better analyzed with the help of Porter’s Five Forces model. Any industry’s structure could be analyzed by analyzing its competitive forces. According to Michael Porter there are five competitive forces that play an important role in shaping the structure of any

Symbolism in The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown Research Paper

Symbolism in The Lottery and Young Goodman Brown - Research Paper Example Moreover, since this otherwise gruesome celebration is held every year, then it must be something which the people have already considered a part of their lives. As Mr. Martin and his son Baxter â€Å"held the black box securely on the stool,† one can see how much they value this evil tradition as they securely guard it. Furthermore, the fact that both father and son, and parents and their children draw lots from the black box speaks of how much they want to pass this evil tradition on to future generations (Jackson). Every evil man’s legacy is therefore the evil that he willingly and proudly passes on to his children and descendants. The second symbol of evil is â€Å"the smoothest and roundest stones† that the people and children have chosen (Jackson). The stones which the children have begun choosing at the beginning of the day of the celebration represent the unjust hurt and punishment that innocent people experience and suffer from because of the senseless and brutal tradition that people pass on to their children. In fact, the idea that everyone in the village in Jackson’s story participates in stoning someone to death is a proof that evil exists in all people without any exception. This illustrates the brutality of the society in which human beings live. Moreover, the old people are the ones to blame for the perpetuation of all evil. Old Man Warner, as the oldest in town, is believed to have cast the first stone because he believes that the villagers trust him for his age and wisdom. Old Man Warner represents all aging and aged people on earth who are consumed by evil and who believe that the youth must be just as evil as they are. They are actually the same people who do not think that this world will ever rise from the quagmire of evil that is slowly swallowing it. Another symbol is Mr. Adams, who figuratively stands as the representative of

Meaning of life 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meaning of life 3 - Essay Example Contrarily, the incapability to acquire meaning in life causes distress, addiction, boredom, aggression and even depression. Now this is what brings us to what Frankl describes as the state of meaninglessness. Psychological responses to the worst experiences are never predetermined by any given circumstance, no-matter how strong or weak it is. Meaning of life comes from within an individual in spite of the existing despair. Personal responsibility is always the best way for an individual to gain meaning. And this is considered likely if the person does not surrender to negative mind-set of others and be true to him or herself. Frankl states that it is possible to be frequently exposed to death and misery of Auschwitz, yet still get a way of discovering meaning in this grief. Even while death seems to be unavoidable, Frankl thinks that individuals have the central capacity to reflect positively on the all the good things they have achieved in their entire lifetime and to put in perception the current meaning of their grief (Frankl, Viktor 87). When a fella apprehends that it is his destiny to suffer, he will have to consider his grief as his task; his only exceptional mission. And normally this is what is considered to be the state of meaninglessness. A person will have to live with the fact that even during suffering he is alone and experiences a unique situation in the universe. And that no other person is capable of relieving him or suffering for his or her sake. His or her unique opportunity depends on how he or she carries the burden. Frankl describes the diverse phases of psychological response that were common to all the prisoners. These stages are alleged to have ensued in a sequential way, from shock to apathy then to freedom readjustments. He states that he was able to witness the grace even in the worst case scenarios. Frankl quotes â€Å"we who stayed in the concentration camps can never

Ethics of Care and Ethics of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics of Care and Ethics of Justice - Essay Example Thereupon, ethical prospects in nursing are at the core in this paper. Ethics of care seems to be taken for granted in nursing by many observers. It accompanies the idea of the Hippocratic Oath. Moreover, it makes the nurse-patient dialogue possible with emphasis on relief and recovery. However, this concept runs into the ethics of justice which can be narrowed down to a set of prescribed steps and norms in following nursing practice. Thus, the question of both ethical theories in their approaches toward contemporary medicine are to be duly analyzed so that to find out the best decision. ETHICS OF CARE Needless to say, current hospitals are full of professionals and those assisting them who can find out the right way in communication with patients. It is all about some psychological and moral obligations every nurse has at her/his disposal. The need for care is viewed to be paramount in hospitals. It makes the overall idea of recovery powerful. It goes without saying that a person can fight his/her illness starting from the inner decisions and inclinations. Believe it or not, such practice is well shared in the world. Moreover, it constitutes the need for care as a predominant impulse toward the inner recovery materializing in the physical healing. Ethics of care is well based on the personal relationships with a patient. It can be interpreted as the consideration of other’s point of view (Ashcroft, Dawson, & Draper, 2007). Care is a stimulus for every patient. Thus, a nurse able to follow up the prescriptions of her/his moral obligations before concrete patients, in particular, and the mankind, on the whole, has to use care every now and then. In other words, care is called to reduce patient’s vulnerability at the moment when it is critically high. Chesnay & Anderson (2011) admit in their study that ethics of care is generally focused on â€Å"attending to and meeting the needs of the particular others for whom we take responsibility† (p. 372). Thus, speaking ethically, the word â€Å"care† is already incorporated in the word â€Å"healthcare† justifying, therefore, the overall goal of the medicine. On the other hand, ethics of care seeks to pinpoint the need for relationship for the sake of striking a balance in gender roles. Definitely, women are more devoted to the caring; and the nursing ethics and ethics of care have become the pivotal virtues in the nursing practice far long ago (Yeo, 2010). To say more, ethical concerns should bear a confident character when applying to serious patients and those getting through some training and educational programs as a part of their recovery process (Klingberg-Allvin et al., 2007). Thus, the ethics of care is one of the first intentions coming on the part of a nurse despite of any circumstances or other impediments on her/his way. Again, relationship-based approach is what each nurse urges for. There is nothing more significant for a good and professionally fit nurse than to think about the need for assuring patients that they will be taken care of. To manage this prospect means to have an idea of where the nursing practice starts from: â€Å"The care ethics perspective cannot be understood in abstract or hypothetical terms, but only in actions stemming from caring relationships between people† (Sellman & Snelling, 2009, p. 60). Thus, any dispute on the nature of the ethics of care can be diminished due to a host of arguments on the importance of the first care aid and continuous care for patients throughout the period of hospitalization. Moreover, ethically grounded attitude of care on the part of a nurse is never a malfeasance. Ethics of justice Most researchers and observers are likely to state that ethics of justice serves a constraint for the

Decision-Making Case Study Essay Example for Free

Decision-Making Case Study Essay The current grave state of the economy has had a significant impact on health care across The United States. Massive budget cuts, reduced services, and limited access to care significantly have affected Medicaid patients. Hennepin County Clinic (HCC), a facility that provides health care to Medicaid patients, is dealing with an additional 15% budget cut that will force management to make decisions about which services must be changed or eliminated while still meeting the basic needs of the clients. Stemming from consumers’ increased demands for enhanced quality of care and greater accountability from health care organizations, leaders must engage in decision-making that incorporates evidence from well-conducted research whenever possible. The Informed Decisions Toolbox (IDT), a process of evidence-based decision-making, involves six steps in the decision-making process (Rundall, et. al, 2007). While every step is consequential, step two, the process of gathering evidenced-based sources of information, is the most important tool in decision-making. The IDT plays an important role in increasing organizational accountability, facilitating knowledge transfer within a facility, and contributing to a questioning organization. Step One The first step in the IDT is formulating a question or questions behind the decision. This is done in such a way that will increase the likelihood of uncovering useful research studies. As a manager, one must discover what information is needed to make the best decision. When investigating the needs of Medicaid clients and deciding which clinical services to change or eliminate, it is vital to research information regarding the various services used by these patients. The manager must ask several questions. Do individuals enrolled in Medicaid have unique health needs that differ from the larger population? What are the services most utilized within HCC at any given time? In what ways will service cuts and elimination of resources   affect the clients? What services can be outsourced to other facilities that accept Medicaid? Can the current physician staff be reduced, and the use of nurse practitioners and physician’s assistants be implemented? Step Two After the questions are formulated, step two involves identifying credible sources of information to answer these questions. In an age of abundant technological resources, a large percentage of sources may be found on research-based websites, bibliographic databases, online academic and peer-reviewed journals, books or other publications, and government reports, to name a few (The Center for Health Research, 2011). It may also be helpful for the manager to locate internal information available within the clinic that will tailor to the unique needs of HCC. While the IDT mainly focuses on evidenced-based sources of information, the manager may also utilize supportive colloquial knowledge from and opinions of colleagues, employees, patients, and other health care professionals (Rundall, et. al, 2007). Steps Three, Four, and Five Steps three through five take the collected research and evaluate its accuracy, applicability, and â€Å"actionability.† First, step three emphasizes the accuracy of the research presented. The manager must question if the research is of high-quality, originates from a credible source, presents complete and balanced viewpoints, and comprises reliable and valid measurements (The Center for Health Research, 2011). Step four highlights the applicability of the research. The manager must ask if the research is relevant to his or her question at hand and whether or not it applies specifically to HCC. Step five focuses on the â€Å"actionability† of the research. The manager needs to know how the research is going to be implemented and who exactly is going to do it. Step five also pertains to the implications and importance of the research studied (The Center for Health Research, 2011). Step Six Finally, step six allows the manager to look at his or her organization’s needs and values to determine if the research fits the context of its unique situation. The manager must question if the collected research is adequate to make a useful decision and if there is a single best option, multiple  practical options, or even inadequate evidence to make a decision (The Center for Health Research, 2011). Most Valuable Tool Although every step in the IDT has much significance and step one builds the foundation on which to define the problem at hand, the tool that would be the most valuable is step two, identifying credible evidenced-based sources of information. Health care workers who provide care based on knowledge from evidenced-based studies deliver significantly better care and produce better outcomes (Melynk Fineout-Overholt, 2005). Because of this, the process of identifying these studies is vital to the survival of an organization. The knowledge discovered during research can be a valuable source of strength to the organization by combining it with the unique employee and patient opinions and preferences. This process of searching for information can also contribute to organizational growth through the sharpening of knowledge and skills of decision makers. With regard to HCC, step two is very valuable in deciding which clinical services need to be eliminated primarily because locating appropriate research studies is the foundation of finding the solution to the question. Through the selection of evidenced-based articles, the manager can compare and contrast how other organizations dealt with budget cuts and the solutions they implemented. Accountability Utilizing the IDT greatly affects organizational accountability. Hospital organizations and clinics have to function according to the strict rules and regulations of such agencies as JCAHO and CMS, and at the same time, respond to the ever increasing needs demands of consumers for improved quality of care (Rundall, et. al, 2007). These added pressures force management to make comprehensive, precise, and influential decisions that they cannot formulate with personal knowledge and experience alone. Because of this, management needs to apply the best evidence available in making these consequential decisions. Knowledge Transfer Knowledge transfer aims to deliver research-based information and guarantee its availability for future members within an organization (Pentland Forsyth, 2011). Within health care facilities, it is important for newfound  research evidence to be transferred into clinical practice and policy development. Management and decision makers must communicate clearly to the health care team and make them aware of decisions that are made and how the decisions will affect them. Team members are encouraged to share their understanding with others to expedite knowledge transfer within the facility. Knowledge transfer facilitates shared intelligence, improved employee performance, higher levels of innovation within the organization, and economic growth (Rundall, et. al, 2007). Questioning Organization The IDT affects an organization in a number of positive ways. Most important, it allows the decision-maker and the health care team to reflect on what was learned, what questions still need to be asked, and what should be done differently next time, which is critical to innovation (Buchen Rowley, 2000). Building a questioning culture within an organization inspires team members to search for answers within evidenced-based research studies and improving the lines of communication among members as well. Conclusion The IDT is an exceptional set of tools that assists management and decision-makers in utilizing evidenced-based research in confronting and responding to pressing questions that significantly affect an organization. The IDT plays an important role in increasing organizational accountability, facilitating knowledge transfer, and contributing to a questioning organization. In the case of HCC, the manager utilized the IDT by formulating questions to determine which clinical services to change or eliminate based on the various health care needs of Medicaid clients. The manager identified various credible sources of information to answer these questions, which has been determined the most valuable tool within the IDT. The research evidence was examined to determine its accuracy, applicability, and â€Å"actionability.† Finally, the manager assessed to see if the collected research was both adequate and met the specific needs of HCC, which is what the IDT was designed to do. References Buchen, I, Rowley, L. (2000). The questioning culture: Perpetual state of the art. Performance Improvement, (39)5, 26-30. Melynk, B., Fineout-Overholt, E. (2005). Evidence based practice in nursing and healthcare. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Pentland, D., Forsyth, K. (2011). Key characteristics of knowledge transfer and exchange in healthcare: integrative literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(7), 1408-25. Rundall, T., Martelli, P., Arroyo, L., McCurdy, R., Neuwirth, E., et al. (2007). The informed toolbox: Tools for knowledge transfer and performance improvement. Journal of Healthcare Management, 25(5), 325-341. The Center for Health Research. (2011). The informed decisions toolbox. Retrieved from http://www.toolbox.berkeley.edu/overview.

Technical Support And Information Sources Computer Science Essay

Technical Support And Information Sources Computer Science Essay Technical support is a team which is responsible to support for individuals and organisations in a variety of ways. They also describe and explain to the customers all information about technology of their products or their services that they provide. Technical support team has people who have a good knowledge about electronic systems, computer systems which included software and hardware. They are able to troubleshoot related problems. In general, technical support provides technical support to organisation, customers and end-users. Source of information can be used for a variety of hardware and software related faults? The information can be gathered from a number of sources such as direct questioning, consulting a fault log or using diagnostic and monitoring tools. Finding out information: Direct questioning If the organisation, customers or end-users has any problems with the product or service, they will contact to get some helps from technical support. They will contact by phone or face to face and the technical support specialists need to find out as much as possible what the problem is. Then they can make decision how they can resolve the problem. But before accepting the calls from customers or users, they may need to check that the customer or user is entitled to their support services. They may require the customer or user to give correct username and password, account number or some personal details. They also can ask the customer some question for clarification, or further questions to ensure that they have a good understanding of the problem. In general, direct questioning is an important technique which is used in information gathering because it is flexible. Fault logs Fault log is a record of events that occurred and it may include the information about how the fault was fixed. Most business organisations have the computer rooms that can be used by many different users, so they need to have a written fault log that is regularly checked by technical staffs. The technical staffs will identify and remedy any faults that have been reported by users. A log should be maintained for each computer system. When the computer system is broken down, the technical staff will need the information from the fault logs such as when the equipment was obtained, when the software was installed or what setting have been used. Fault log will record what happen with computer system and how it was fixed. A fault log may be kept manually or it may be create automatically by software. Diagnostics and Monitoring tools Another way that helps the technical staffs to define a particular problem is using diagnostic and monitoring tools. The technician can ask the system directly by using diagnostic and monitoring tools such as the POST (Power on Self-Test). When the computer system is turned on, the POST will check the hardware to make sure everything is working correctly before the OS is loaded and run. There are three types that the problems can be occurred. They are following: If there are problems before the screen is functioning, a sequence of beeps is used to indicate the nature of the faults. If the problem is occurred after the screen is functioning, an error code will be showed on the screen. This error code will show which device is not working properly. If the problem is occurred while computer is running, the user or technical staffs can use Event Viewer. The Event Viewer is monitoring tool that is included with OS window. It can be used to manage and view these events. It also can be used to track security events and identify possible software, hardware and system problems. The event viewer interface will contain a series of event logs that can be viewed by either a user or a technician. This particular log contains a series of entries that consist of information, warnings and errors. Checking the problems: Some informations sources are more reliable than others. So when processing the information, the user or technical staff needs to make sure that the information is valid. Cross-reference checks with user When the technical staffs are talking with the users or customers about the problems, they can call up data on their computer system which is including the current information and configurations of the users computer. The technical staff also can check that other users are experiencing the same problems on a particular system. Confirmation from a number of users that a particular fault exists or that the fault is of a particular nature will give the technician confidence in how to approach a formal diagnosis and remedy. But the information may be out of date because the users or customers may have upgraded the equipment or installed a more modern OS. So the technical staffs should confirm the information with the user during the initial conversation. When the users and customers may not be able to answer the questions, the technical staff should help and direct them to how they can find out the answers. Problem reproduction After asking the customers or users some simple direct questions to indentify who they are and what the problems are, the technical staff need to find out exactly what the problem is and how to fix it. The users or the customers may jump to conclusions and suggest things that are wrong with the computer rather than just giving the technical staff facts. So the best way for a technician to identify and diagnose a fault is to see the problem. If the fault is intermittent, it may prove difficult to reproduce the fault in the workshop. In this case, the users or customers need to takes screenshots of any error messages and prints these to be used as reference material as and when the system is being repaired. The problem reproduction is a useful strategy. Asking the users or customers to talk through what went wrong can reveal important information that the user may not told the technical staffs. One more important fact is the date when the problem was first noticed. If any new hardware or software was installed immediately before the fault appeared, this might be to blame. To fix this problem, the technical staffs can take the users back to a time when the computer was working. This way will help the users to think through the events that led up to the problems and exactly as it happened. This may reveal vital clues but it is still important to keep an open mind and to consider alternative sources of the problem. Manufacturers website Manufacturers websites are a valuable source of information. If an application fails to work, the user or customer can search the manufactures website for the latest information about known bugs in the system. The information is accessed through an open forum which is clearly going to be significantly less reliable than a manufacturers own website. Individuals providing technical advice of any kind must make sure that they are doing so supported by accurate and valid information. Further sources of such information are discussed in the following section. Source of information: Product specifications and manuals Most products are sold with a product specification and a technical manual. Product specification is written by the manufacture of the product. It contains all the information and details of products technical. A manual also is written by the manufacturer but it is used to explain how to make the best use of a hardware or software. Some manufacturers store product specifications and manuals in CD or DVD as PDF file. The CD or DVD will have all information about the main features of the product, or a video on troubleshooting. Colleagues with specialist expertise This is the best source of information because the users or technical staffs can get the technical information from people around them such as colleagues and friends. Those people can offer their experience in solving problems, but they must to find right people to ask. If they ask to wrong people so it means that they get wrong information and these information can not be used. The advantage of this source of information is the users can ask further questions if they are unsure that they fully understand a process, an answer or an explanation. Knowledge bases Using a knowledge base may involve searching for information which is relevant to the problem that the users want to try solving. The technical support can draw on a knowledge base to help them decide on a course of action. There is a range of knowledge bases that are available on the internet, but the technician support or the users must be very careful about relying on information that may not be valid or correct. Fault records showing previously found solutions A fault log is most useful when it lists not only the problems that were encountered but also the way in which they were solved. A fault log that includes the name of the technical support that solved a particular fault will allow the users contact them if they have encountered a similar fault and need specialist help. The historical information of previous faults and remedies will be essential for the technician support that will effectively be able to learn from other peoples experiences. Internet source (e.g.: FAQs and technical forums) The internet is the very useful source of information which helps the user or technician to resolve technical problems. There are two main informations sources on the internet which are FAQs and technical forum. FAQs stand for Frequently Asked Questions which can solve the most common problems for users with minimal effort for the help desk staff. The manufacturers websites usually contain FAQs about their products or services. This is where they use to list the information. This is also a place that the problems will be resolved and the questions of users about the product or service will be answered. The technical forum is a place where the users and technician can talk and discuss about the product or service. Technical forums can be a useful route to finding answers to both simple and complex problems. What hardware and software related questions could you be asked by users requiring technical support and how would you handle each of these questions? Question 1: My computer may be hacked by virus and my anti-virus software is not working? How can I fix it? As a technician, I tried to turn on their computer and I can see their computer being attacked by a virus. I have checked the current anti-virus software that they use. Their computer is currently using Norton anti virus software and this software is expired. So the customers should renew the software if they want to use it to protect their computers. Question 2: What can I do if the virus still in the computer system even that anti-virus software is working? In this case, I will tell the customers that they should format the hard drive and install new OS software. But before formatting, they should back up all important data and information to external storage devices. Question 3: My computer would boot up but then after 5-10 mins, it would shut itself down. What is this problem? Firstly, I will ask some question to the customers get more information about what happen with their computers and then I give them my opinion. I think that the computer may be attacked by virus because this problem is a symptom of virus attack or the hardware of computer may be faulty. If the problem occurs by virus, I will use the newest version of anti virus software to find and delete the virus. If the problem occurs by hardware faulty, I open the computer system and check the hardware of computer. I think that problem is electrical faults which can lie within a hardware component, in the cabling that connects these components or in the connectors between the cabling and the components. The hardware that I will check are: motherboard, PSU, CPU, RAM, etc†¦

Purpose of Advertising

Purpose of Advertising 1. Introduction Advertising no doubt is a broad topic (lyer, Soberman, and Villas-Boas, 2005) it is one of the most important decisions that marketers make. Burd (1959) Advertising is one of the most proficient and the most economical aid in the distribution and marketing of merchandise or service. Advertising is either in written or oral form, which intends to sell something and want to earn revenue. Jayasinghi Ritson (2008) Advertising includes all major communication mediums which include: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, the Internet, movies, and billboards through which that message is transmitted. Television is the most common medium as it covers large but at the same time it is very costly. Advertising is generally aimed at consumer reminiscence who is being engaged with certain type of ads where the purpose of marketers is to create awareness and Brand/ Product recall and recognition later in consumer minds. Sometimes when you look at advertisement you will easily recall it may be it is in your subconscious mind or because of the celebrity or the background music that appeals you and sometimes you won’t be able to recall what you have seen just few minutes ago (Obermiller, Spangenberg, 2005; MacLauchlan, 2005.). An advertising objective may be to change the mind-set of the customers. Advertising has a great role when a business that has a bad reputation and has lost his/her customers can use advertising to get them back (Burd,1959). Pechpeyrou Odou (2012) hence, Advertising plays a central role in not only providing information about the product or service but also creating awareness and recognition of the product/service in consumer mind. Types Purpose of Advertising McDaniel, 1986. Advertising has many forms; few of them are given below. However for the purpose of thesis the focus will be on consumer advertising. Consumer Advertising It is a type of advertising that targeted at end consumers. All the offering and services are for the end consumers. Consumer advertising includes common commodities and what we usually find around us is all what comes under consumer advertising. The major aim of consumer advertising is to create awareness of brands and products that are of consumer use. In such sort of advertising emotional and rational appeal plays a vital role. Trade Advertising Trade advertising is also known as business/ professional advertising. This type of advertisement is not for consumers but for all those who influence the consumer like distributors, resellers or businesses. Medium for such sort of advertising is professional magazines and direct mail which do not involve end consumers. Product Advertising This sort of advertising communicates the promotion of the product. They push the consumers to purchase the product. Its major aim is to create brand awareness. Once awareness is created people tend to buy their product. Non-Product Advertising Non-product related advertisings includes surrogate advertising in it. Non product advertising depicts an idea or a cause. Short term and long Term Advertising There are two types of advertising one is short term and other is long term. The short term advertising has a direct impact on the product sales. Its aim is to increase sales, maximize revenues and create awareness. On the other hand the long term advertising focuses to maintain long term relations and customer loyalty. Consumer Skepticism: Definition of skepticism revolves around the questioning of the attitude towards the knowledge and opinion. Skepticism towards advertising is the distrust of advertising claims or promises and signifies a general market place that varies across persons. Hardesty, Carlson, 2002; Bearden 2002. The effect that consumer skepticism has on advertising can be figure out through consumer response. Brands need to overcome massive stages of skepticism for consumers. In our society there prevails lot of mistrust and loyalty. Consumers can learn a lot from advertising and marketing. Skeptic consumers are quite unsatisfied hence research recommends that delivering enough information to consumers will lead to building trust and satisfaction, once that trust is created it will results in increase sales and profitability. Obermiller, Spangenberg 2005; MacLachlan 2005. Milk Industry Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer. Pakistan dairy industry is one of the most vital sectors that is contributing almost 11 percent into the GDP. Dairy industry is swayed by number of factors that are size, growth and profitability. (Dawn newspaper; 2014). According to live stock census 2007, almost 80 percent of the milk is taken from the rural areas. Only 3-5 percent of the milk is marketed and distributed formally. 97 percent of the milk produced in Pakistan is distributed in loose form (Jalil, Sial and Hussain, 2009) .The role of livestock in the rural economy is very critical as farmers and villagers consume loose milk. They don’t prefer milk that is packaged. Whereas in urban areas people consume loose milk as well as packaged milk. Packaged milk has made the life of urban people easier as they are busy in their work so this packaged milk reduces the time of hassle to boil and utilize it. Buffaloes are considered to be the main animal in Pakistan that accounts f or 75 percent of milk. Milk sources are cows, buffaloes and goats and the types of milk available is standardized, homogenized and skimmed. Milk is used for many purposes that is drinking, tea, desi ghee, yogurt, butter and in the making of many sweet dishes. As the inflation is increasing rapidly hence the milk prices are also raising quickly. In a very short span milk prices has shown a rapid increase of 25 percent. As the people are becoming aware of processed and packaged milk they are buying them and are not consuming loose milk that is delivered by gawallas. Milk and its foodstuffs provide almost one third of world’s intake of animal protein. Milk and its foodstuffs represent almost 27 percent of total family expenditures on foodstuff in Pakistan. Milk Per capita availability is 82.4 kg per annum in Pakistan. During 1999-2000 roughly 80 thousand tons of dry milk that is PKR 1213.5 million was imported to Pakistan in order to meet local demands of milk. (FAO, 1998). Pakistan dairy industry is in trouble now a days because of lack of commercial dairy farms, lack of dairy knowledge and due to lack of financial resources. In rural areas very few shopkeepers have facility of refrigeration. The containers that are used for transportation are very unhygienic. Almost 90 percent and above population consumes loose milk and hence the demand of loose milk is higher than the packaged milk. Also because of inflation and poverty level people are quite conscious about prices. (Jalil, Sial and Hussain, 2009) Packaged milk is in demand widely. [1]Mostly packaged milk is used in homes and powder dry milk is used in offices for the purpose of making tea. Global Milk production ranking of 5 top countries is given in table 1[2] Countries Milk Production India 92 Billion litre / annual USA 78 Billion litre / annual Russia 34 Billion litre / annual Pakistan 33 Billion litre / annual Germany 29 Billion litre / annual Table 1 Global milk production ranking of top 5 countries Name of all the species that are the source of milk are listed below. Moreover Population, milk production and milk consumption of 2011-2013 based on National Livestock Census are given in Table 1.1 Species Population(Million) Milk Production (Million tons) HumanMilk Consumption Cattle 36.9 16.74 13.39 Buffallo 32.7 29.56 23.65 Sheep 28.4 0.03 0.03 Goat 63.1 0.77 0.77 Camel 1.0 0.82 0.82 Total 162.1 47.95 38.69 Nestle: Nestle is one of the largest food and nutrition company in the world. Nestle is derived from the Swiss German word which means little nest. It is the fifth largest company in the world. Currently it is present in more than 88 countries and has more than 522 factories. More than 700 products are produced under the umbrella brand of Nestle. Nestle was established in 1867 by Henri Nestle. Different brands of Nestle are Baby foods, Bottled water, Cereals, Chocolates and confectionaries, Coffee, Ambient dairy, Chilled Dairy, Drinks, Health care nutrition, Culinary and food, Ice cream, Pet care, Sports nutrition and Wealth management. Nestle is a world renowned company. The company is taking milk from number of farmers and then process it further. Nestle Everyday is made from pure fresh milk sugar and Lecithin. In 2011 the company has sourced more than 7.2 million tons of fresh milk from different milk districts in 31 countries widely. The company basically deals in food products as the logo states that â€Å"Good food, Good life â€Å". List of different milks that are under the umbrella brand of Nestle are given in Table 1.2 Milk Sku’s Nestle Milk Pak UHT 1000, 500, 250 ml Nestle Everyday 1000,400,200ml Nestle Nido 1000,400,200ml Nestle Nesvita 1000, 200ml Nestle Flavored Milk 250ml Table 1.2 Nestle milk and Sku’s I have chosen the product Nestle Everyday tea whitener for the purpose of research thesis. It is the forerunner of tea creaming in Pakistan. Its different taste and pleasant aroma is the reason of its success. Everyday makes a perfect cup of tea for you. It is one of the best brands that provides taste and quality at affordable prices. It has number of Sku’s that customer choose according to their needs and wants. Every day is available in both liquid and dry forms. Liquid milk is consumed mostly at home whereas dry powdered milk is used widely in offices. References [1] http://www.pakissan.com/english/allabout/livestock/dairy/dairy.industries.in.pakistan.shtml [2]http://www.slideshare.net/hassankh/powder-milk-industry-in-pakistan?related=1 3http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/milk-production-system-in-periurban-areas-of-lahore-economics-essay.php 4http://www.bignerds.com/papers/72338/Dairy-Industry-In-Pakistan/

A Cognitive Model of New Data on Human Problem Solving Essay -- Psycho

A Cognitive Model of New Data on Human Problem Solving I. Project Description Cognitive modeling is the creation of models which resemble and explain the way in which humans do things. What makes them so interesting to me is the process though which cognitive scientists go in order to create these models. Cognitive scientists often use a generative theory in creating such models. A generative theory is a theory that explains a set of empirical observations by actually generating them (as opposed to just summarizing them or characterizing them with equations or logic). Thus, a generative theory has to be executable, like a computer program or a "recipe". The system on which I'm basing my work is named Cascade (VenLehn, Jones & Chi, 1991). Cascade was originally developed to explain the cognitive mechanisms involved in the self-explanation effect (Chi et al., 1989; Fergusson-Hessler & de Jong, 1990; Pirolli & Bielaczyc, 1989). Simplifying a bit, the effect shows that people learn more effectively by studying examples when they are careful to explain to themselves as many steps of the example as they can. Students who do not carefully explain worked out example steps do not perform as well on subsequent problems. Cascade models the potential learning mechanisms that cause this effect. I now wish to apply the Cascade model to a new problem domain and a new set of psychological data. Originally, Cascade was written to solve problems in Newtonian physics, the domain used in Chi et al.'s study. Since Cascade was first created additional psychological research has been done in other problem domains. Due to the versatility of Cascade, applying the Cascade model to other problem domains would be beneficial. In the fall of 2000 I... ...nnual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Pirolli, P., & Bielaczyc, K. (1989). Empirical analyses of self-explanation and transfer in learning to program. In G. M. Olson & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 450-457). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Renkl, A., Atkinson, R. K., & Maier, U. H. (2000). From studying examples to solving problems: Fading worked-out solution steps helps learning. In L. R. Gleitman & A. K. Joshi (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 393-398). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. VanLehn, K., Jones, R. M., & Chi, M. T. H. (1991). A model of the self-explanation effect. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2, 1-59.

How to Surf Essay -- essays research papers

Some would say it's like snowboarding, whereas others would say it's like skateboarding. I, on the other hand, believe surfing is unlike any other sport. Besides it being loads of fun and freeing your mind, it is also a great workout. Problem is, though, many people wonder how to get started and learn what to do. That's where I come in. First, you need to know the safety precautions. You absolutely have to know how to swim and be able to swim well. If this is a problem for you, you can easily contact a nearby gym (like YMCA) for and instructor to teach you how. Another growing issue with surfing is the strong currents and tidal waves. There are ways to predict the safety of the water on that particular day, but for now, just ask the nearest lifeguard on duty. Now that you know you are in no major harm, it is time to find the specifications on how you will surf. Stand up straight and point one of your arms to the sky. This is how long your board should be when you first start learning how to surf. As you get better, you may use shorter boards, which makes the ride a lot faster and thrilling. Next, you will test what stance you will acquire while on the board. To do this, lay your board flat on the sand, then position yourself face down on top of the board. Quickly jump up, and whichever foot is placed in front will be the same foot you lead with when you surf! If you lead with your left foot, you ride "regular," but if you rest your right foot ahead, you ride "...

Welfare: Who Does It Benefit

What happens if someone was to lose their job? What happens if there is not enough money at the end of the month? What happens if someone does not have enough money to feed their children? Luckily, there is a program that can help these people that fit in these categories. The name of this program is called The Welfare Reform. Being on welfare is nothing to be ashamed of. Many people feel that welfare benefits the poor, but that is not true at all. Welfare benefits those who are in need of it. In today’s economy, millions of former CEOs, presidents of companies, and business owners are now suffering severe pay cuts.Now, they may not be able support their families financially like they use to. They might have to turn to being on welfare to help their families. This example shows that welfare not only helps the less fortunate, but it helps everyone in need. My primary focus of this paper is to illustrate how welfare helps everyone, and it is nothing to be embarrassed about. Welf are Reform: The Untold Story was a very informative article about the use of the welfare reform. This article discussed the problems with the welfare legislation.It talks about how some people are abusing the welfare system. Also, it talks about how the welfare system has helped other major programs. A program that has been helped by the Welfare Reform is the funding of child care. It talks about what prompted the need of the Welfare Reform. It provides data on how long people are usually on welfare. The article talks about how minimum wage, child support, and a rise in income tax credit have benefited the people on welfare. The article also explains why numerous people on welfare got off the program.It talks about how welfare has affected teen pregnancy. Finally, it gives the reader the advantages and disadvantages brought by the Welfare Reform. Robert Cherry stated that, â€Å"But the strong economy and funding provisions of welfare legislation led almost all states to enhance ch ild care funding, provide tax subsidies to supplement wages, and to fund educational initiatives† (Cherry 79). In this statement alone can answer my soul purpose of the paper. That purpose was does the Welfare Reform benefit the poor? This statement gives the answer as yes, but while doing so; the WelfareReform has helped millions of people who are not poor. Another great point Robert Cherry made was, â€Å"During the economic expansion, the vast majority of welfare leavers found paid employment† (Cherry 81). This explains, while the economy is doing great; there are numerous people that are on welfare who are getting off. To go a little further, if the economy is not doing well, this is what caused people to turn towards welfare. Once again, this has supported the idea that welfare does not just benefit the less fortunate. Has the Welfare Reform benefited the poor?Yes, but while the reform was geared toward the people who fit the poor profile, however, it has benefited the very people who look down on welfare. Single working mothers are a group that does not fit the poor profile, but the Welfare Reform has helped them tremendously. Robert Cherry supported my claim by saying, â€Å"Today, if a single mother with two children earns $13,000, she qualifies for an earned income tax credit (EITC) of $4,000 at the federal level, and $900 at the state level in a number of states†(Cherry 81). With the tax credit, which is a part of the Welfare Reform; their yearly income has risen to over $ 17,000.The book Evaluating Food Assistance Programs in an Era of Welfare Reform: Summary of a Workshop gives information that many Americans do not know about. The book talks about the different programs that are within the Welfare Reform. It also talks about the work requirements that come with being on welfare. It also discusses the funds that are set aside for welfare. To elaborate on the different programs, the book not only gives us the names of the program , but the book goes in detail pertaining to the programs. The book talks about the research that was needed, so that there could be improvements for welfare.The editors discussed a program called the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. â€Å"PRWORA emphasizes welfare to work concept, including time limits for assistance, strong work requirements, a performance bonus to reward states for moving welfare recipients into jobs, and increased funding for child care† (Evaluating vii). This shows that welfare does not mean taking care of lazy people. It is also saying that the states would benefit from those on welfare. This program gears to help people work, and to take care of themselves, so that is why there is a limit for assistance.The Food and Nutrition Service serves an enormous part to the Welfare Reform. The editors stated, â€Å"Today, the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers 15 food assista nce programs. These programs feed one in six Americans, serving as a natural nutrition safety net for millions of children, working families, and elderly† (Evaluating 1). This material proves that people, who work still, need some assistance. It shows that this program feeds not only the less fortune, but it feeds working Americans also.It also shows that welfare knows no upper, middle, or lower class, but it helps Americans as a whole. I know there has been a previous attempt to help people in need, but that did not work because how the money was distributed to the families. The editors supported my claim by saying, â€Å"The previous program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), provided cash assistance directly to children and their families based on need, income, resources, family size, and family structure† (Evaluating 1). The problem with this program was because the cash was given directly to the families.This maybe the reason why many Americans starte d to believe welfare was a waste of money, and the money was not used for the right reasons. This also caused them to use stricter requirements, and caused PRWORA to come up with something else to replace the flaws. â€Å"PRWORA replaced AFDC with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, which provides assistance and work opportunities to needy families by granting states the federal funds and wide flexibility to develop and implement their own welfare program† (Evaluating 1).The article Welfare Reform and Family Expenditures: How Are Single Mothers Adapting to the New Welfare and Work Regime provided information that I did not know. The article talks about the public welfare. It also put a light on single parents, but mainly the focus is on single mothers. The article gives graphs that illustrate single mother families, which the mother only has, a high school diploma. The graph also showed what kind of income was expected, depending on the other levels of education. The article also displays the xpenses of the needs needed in everyday life. The article also gives the reader a descriptive and multivariate analysis about expenditures. The authors stated that, â€Å"According to the U. S. Census Bureau (nd), the poverty rate among children in single-mother families declined from 54 percent in 1993 to 43 percent in 2005. This decline is due part to the economic boom of the 1900s and in part to such other factors as changes in tax and transfers programs† (Welfare Reform 371). This shows that while the economy is doing well, the poverty rate drops.This also shows that just because someone is living in a single parent home; it does not mean that they will be living inn poverty. I truly believe that the Welfare Reform does not encourage the welfare recipients to be on welfare. The authors supported my belief by saying, â€Å"A spate of policy changes in the 1990s shifted the focus of U. S. welfare policy from providing cash benefits for low-income single mothers to providing work incentives, and a range of supports for the working poor† (Welfare Reform 371).The government knows that life can be hard, and that is why the government created the Welfare Reform. The government encourages people to work, and to look for jobs. That is why government is making the attempt to provide help for those who need it. However, there is another side to the story. Receivers of welfare as a child has a negative outcome on the money earned as adults. People believe that the more welfare a young male receives as a child, the lower the same boy income will be as an adult.Living in a single-parent household while on welfare, the more likely a person is to have a criminal record. Also, many believe that children in households with higher income will do better in life. Some Americans believe that welfare encourages illegitimacy, and reducing illegitimacy is a more important goal in the Welfare Reform, than attempting to make si ngle mothers self-sufficient. It has been said that modern welfare is deeply flawed and misleading, and has become a recipe for a disastrous system of aid which harms rather than helps.Many believe that welfare reduces the work effort, promotes illegitimacy, and poverty prone single parent families. There are advantages and disadvantages about the Welfare Reform, but I truly believe that the good outweigh the bad. Millions have moved from welfare to work, and this absolute proof that welfare works for the better. But some critics does not believe that because they say a lot less people are receiving cash benefits, but a lot more have signed up for other programs, including food stamps, Medicaid, and disability benefits.Being on welfare does not determine what you will become in life. The Welfare Reform provides too many benefits for everyone; however, it is looked down by many of critics. Being realistic, everyone does not graduate from high school and college, for many different re asons; however, they do not need to suffer for that. Welfare is essential for providing aid for children. The true beneficiary of the Welfare reform is not the poor, but it is the children of America.

Sontrary to popular belief, a natural emotion or feeling Essay

What is sadness? Sadness is, contrary to popular belief, a natural emotion or feeling. People feel sadness whenever they lose something that they previously enjoyed such as someone they loved, or something as simple as a stuffed animal. This particular emotion is actually good for you. It offers relief from the pain of the loss and it gives you some measure of the importance of what you’ve lost. In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury strives to create a society that lives in the absence of sadness. He aspires to give everyone happiness by getting rid of conflict and inequality. However, what the society did not recognize was the value of this gloomy emotion. Guy Montag, the central character in the book, has learned to conform to the idea that the society he lives in is so very rigid and standard. Our Service Can Write a Custom Essay on Sadness for You! However he eventually realizes that the society he lives in is not suitable for a happy life. In an attempt to solidify happiness, society became dehumanized through its abandonment of human instinct, which ironically caused society to become anaesthetized. In the various attempts to abolish despondency by the elimination of literature, all emotions in society were destroyed. In the past, the society was able to read books, and therefore had no reason to burn them. For this reason houses were not fireproof, and therefore Clarise alludes to the fact that firemen used to put out fires, not start them. (8.) Thus proving that at one point in this society, books were accepted and then eventually were banned. While education doesn’t seem like an awful attribute, it created inequality, which made people unhappy. In order to explain the abolishment of books, Beatty expressed to Montag, Technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure carried the trick, thank God. Today, thanks to them, you can stay happy all the timeЕÐ ¤ (58). As Beatty explained, the government utilized technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure to eliminate sadness. One example to substantiate the statement made by Beatty would be the use of the houn d. The government used the hound in order to find and destroy books, which would, according to their society, create equality and peace. They believed that the elimination of books would solve everyone’s problems, and as a surrogate for books used controlled technology. Since there were no learned people, there would not be controversy over the explanations of ideas, or ideas themselves. However, what he did not account for was the fact that without thought, there was no emotion, and therefore no happiness or sadness. Happiness and sadness interplay off of each other, there cannot be happiness without something to contrast it to. Therefore, in the attempt to make everyone happy by eliminating literature, the ultimate outcome was a society that was essentially all robots. These â€Å"robots† were incapable of comprehending personal history, and therefore had no sense of the passed time. The theory behind destroying a sense of time was that if no one were to grasp the idea of time, then they would, among other things, have no awareness of aging, and everyone would be happy. However, unexpectedly in doing so people were not happy nor sad, merely indifferent. In the conversation between Montag and Mildred the morning after the ordeal with Mildred’s blood cleaning, Mildred cannot remember the events of the past night and therefore questions, â€Å"Last night- What about last night?† (19). Mildred had no recollection of time or of past events and therefore no one knows whether Mildred was unhappy or just couldn’t remember. The attempt to eliminate sadness did not work, because since she couldn’t remember anything in the past she not only couldn’t remember the bad things, but she also couldn’t remember the ha ppy events. The two therefore neutralized themselves between the happy and the sad causing Mildred to be apathetic or even sometimes depressed. It is extremely hard to live a happy life when you can’t remember any of the past joyous moments because of the dehumanization impressed onto society. Unfortunately, this dehumanization made people even more depressed, because it could cause them physical harm, moreover it could cause them emotional harm because they may not be able to remember joyous moments. The supreme consequence of the mechanization of society was that the feelings about life and death became more depersonalized. To many, death is a very personal and emotional event. Contrary, though, in Montag’s society, death was absolutely depersonalized. People rarely were affected by death, however, just continued with their standard life because they believed that death was just another â€Å"thing† that happened in life. When depersonalizing death, the intent was to eliminate the sadness that went along with it, and therefore make everyone happy. While it did eliminate the sadness, it also eliminated the happiness that went along with life. People had no reason to cherish life, because they believed didn’t think about the possibility of dieing, since it was such a minor part of life. When probing the idea of death, and looking deeper, it is essentially a culmination of life. However, since the citizens were unable to remember life, the idea of death was changed. In their minds they lived for just a moment, and therefore when someone died, nothing essentially died because nothing essentially lived. Mildred articulates the ideology of society by expressing her feelings about the woman Montag killed. â€Å"She’s nothing to me; she shouldn’t have had books. It was her responsibility, she should’ve thought of that.† (51). Mildred wasn’t at all concerned that someone’s life was just taken, she was concerned that Montag was sick because of her. This clearly illustrates the ideology of society in that no one cared about death, it wasn’t happy nor was it a particularly sad time. So in the end, since no one understood that death was actually a very catastrophic event, no one therefore cherished life and lived unconcernedly, not happy nor sad. Eventually Montag grasps the fact that his society is extremely corrupt due to the mechanization and dehumanization. There are various causes, which lead to the demise of a normal society, and lead to the society prevalent in F451, which relies on technology and abandons human instinct. As a result, the citizens have become non-threatening, non-interesting humans who can be easily led and manipulated through fear. The intent was to eliminate sadness but the end result were humans with absolutely no emotions.