The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams - 1525 Words

The Glass Menagerie, a family drama play written by Tennessee Williams, and published in 1945 tells a story of the Wingfield family as they struggles with choosing between one’s own personal dreams and accepting the reality of the family’s situation. The Glass Menagerie stresses the subject of failed endeavors to escape reality and to occupy an elaborate unsustainable fantasy world. â€Å"A blown-up photograph of the father hangs on the wall of the living room, to the left of the archway. It is the face of a very handsome young man in a doughboys First World War cap. He is gallantly smiling, ineluctably smiling, as if to say I will be smiling forever. (1) Mr. Wingfield, husband to Amanda and father to Tom and Laura, is one of the most significant characters in the play even though he is never seen. Tom frequently comments on the fact that he is similar to his father in many ways: TOM: I’m like my father. The bastard son of a bastard! (31) Mr. Wingfield worked a menial job at the telephone company and feels unfulfilled and like Tom, had the desire for adventure. In order to fill his quest for new experiences Mr. Wingfield abandoned his family. His picture, however, is prominently displayed in the Wingfield’s living room almost like a constant reminder. The more desire for adventure Tom expresses, the more Amanda compares Tom to his father. Tom begins to use this ‘willingness to abandon the family’ almost as an excuse. Tom starts to believe he carries the character trait forShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams985 Words   |  4 Pageshardly catch it going. ¨ This quote by the author of The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams, describes both The Glass Menagerie, a memory play, and the life of Tennessee Williams himself, for whom memories played a large role in his life. Within the play, many parallels can be drawn between the life of Williams and the life of Tom, the main chara cter, such as a disdain for factory work. In addition, several characters in The Glass Menagerie have a difficult time fitting into the roles that theirRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams was a renowned Pulitzer Prize-winning playwriter for his numerous plays throughout his career. One of such plays is The Glass Menagerie. After perfecting his play for many years, The Glass Menagerie was first introduced to Broadway on March 31, 1945. As a young writer, Williams lived vicariously through his plays. Throughout this play in particular, there are several allegories that pertain to Williams life. Although Williams had a relatively happy childhood, his life changedRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams986 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie, is a classic drama about a young man who is tired of his dull and boring existence. Tom, the main character, struggles to deal with his fa mily, who is apparently holding him back in life. With the use of powerful writing techniques, Williams is able to captivate his audience and create a play that has stood the test of time. An excellent writing technique employed by Williams that contributes to The Glass Menagerie’s success is his use of plot. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams932 Words   |  4 Pages THE GLASS MENAGERIE Name Instructor Institution Course Date The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, the author in the play †The Glass Menagerie† that is based on his life that presents characters that, as caught animals in an cage, live in woeful states and just wish to unravel themselves from this state (Fisher, 2010). The primary clash in the story emerges through their longing to encounter a different world, but their condition opens them to life s unforgiving realities. LifeRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe outside world The Glass Menagerie is very interesting because William s play relates to alot of people and their situations, people can learn alot from it alot whether they connect to Amanda and her past or to Laura and her lack of confidence and being in a world of her own or to Tom and his internal conflict about abandoning his family or staying with them. Laura s life is all about her glass menageries what happens when her glass unicorn breaks? What happens when a gentlemanRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1619 Words   |  7 PagesIsolation is prevalent in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams. This is presented in symbols such as blue roses and the glass unicorn, for they are imagined objects and only existent in another fantasy world. Williams incorporates such arcane symbols to draw out his characters, Amanda, Laura, and Tom, and how they cope with confinement. Most importantly, the symbols of the play represent how isolation debilita tes them psychologically in an attempt to connect with reality. The jonquils representRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee William1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† of Tennessee William, he wrote a drama play to emphasize readers about the life is at a standstill the Wingfield family. Through of the Wingfield family, he uses many symbols which represent many things, but the important main symbolization is fire escape that shows three main characters; Tom Wingfield, his fire escape is the way out of Amanda and Laura. Amanda Wingfield, hope gentlemen callers to enter their lives, and Laura Wingfield, who wants in her own worldRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays...a portrayal of loneliness among characters who confuseRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIn Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, there is a collection of glass animal figurines that belong to Laura. Laura uses those figurines to escape her reality. The â€Å"glass menagerie† is also a metaphor because all of the characters have a metaphorical glass menagerie that they use to escape their reality. Tom escapes his reality by going to the movies, drinking, and writing poetry. Tom says, â€Å"I go to the movies because – I like adventure†¦ something I don’t have much of at work† (Williams 33)Read MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams867 Words   |  4 Pagesdraw the line between getting what you want and doing what you are obligated to do? In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the main characters are torn between fulfilling their desires and aligning with their role in society. On the surface, Amanda Wingfield plays the role of a caring mother that would do anything in her children’s best interest. However, according to the play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, you should never be fooled by the â€Å"Illusion of the truth.† She indeed values her children’s

Influence Of The Middle Ages - 1926 Words

Separated into several parts, history has various important and influential moments that occurred. So to speak, the middle ages were one of the most critical points in history, including the early, middle, and late stages of it; in which all refer to the same time period but broken down into smaller segments due to many occurrences during each time. Although there were several events that influenced the middle ages, the High Middle Ages was a time in which best represents the entire time period due to its high concentration of noteworthy, and significant events. For example, during this time is where we began to see change amongst land and population, trade and cities, and the development of Kingdoms and cultures. In every time period, there are select developments that standout and emerge from the rest because they’re more important. For example, a change that made the High Middle Ages a social success was the advances in its land, which allowed population growth. The populat ion incredibly expanded to about 74 million individuals in Europe, almost twice that of the Early Middle Ages (Duiker 309). This was possible because of the peace that had finally settled over the land as well as the dramatic increase of agricultural prowess and production. The climate in the area drastically improved which provided a better environment for farming. Along with the weather, forest areas were cleared and swamps were drained to create more space for crops. This also createdShow MoreRelatedThe Influence Of The Middle Ages Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesopportunity to listen to many different music selections from several different eras, including, the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, 19th Century, and 20th Century. I have listened to music pieces by Bache, Mozart, Beethoven, and Hayden from the Classical era, to almost completely opposite music from Chuck Berry, Sex Pistols and Public Enemy from the 20th century. The Middle Ages were a time between 476 CE and the early fifth teen century. Also known as the medieval era, the musicRead MoreThe Renaissance Influence On The Middle Ages Essay2462 Words   |  10 Pages The artistic, political, and technological advances developed during the Renaissance distinguish the from the Middle Ages, which ended in 1250. Because of the advances made during the Renaissance, the people fostered ideas that differed from that of their Middle Age forefathers. It is important to note, however, that the Renaissance had the greatest impact on the upper classes, and because of the lack of a scientific Renaissance, some historians do not consider it a true Renaissance. Art becameRead MoreThe Christian Influence on The Middle Ages Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pages As well as enriching the lives of Christians from a perspective of eternal salvation, it could be questioned whether the spread of Christianity supplemented only the souls of those practicing, or had it prov ided more to the people of the Medieval Ages? The late 3rd century developed Christianity further, as it was the rise of the monastic movement. Beginning in the Mediterranean, it quickly spread to Europe and beyond. This movement was based off of the ideology of saiculum relinquere, to withdrawRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church s Influence And Governance Over Europe Throughout The Middle Ages1936 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will identify and examine the significance of the Roman Catholic Church’s influence and governance over Europe throughout the Middle Ages. For the purposes of this essay, the Middle Ages refers to the period between the Conversion of Constantine in 313CE and the onset of the Renaissance Period during the early 14th century. In addition, this essay will examine and account for change in the institution and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. It will identify the nature and importanceRead MoreArt and Architecture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe difference bet ween the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is most visible through art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion or classical antiquity, and humanity. During the Middle Ages, art was more religious because it had a very religious influence from the church having such great power in the community. When the Renaissance started, art became more focused on ancient Greece. The Greek influence was because scholars were broadly studying the revival of classicalRead MoreEssay about The Deserving Titles for the Middle Ages896 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod of slow development called the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages occurred around 500 A.D. to 1400 A.D. The Middle Ages were split into several different time periods called the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages, each period contributing to the tension or progress of the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages is deserving of the titles Age of Feudalism due to this governing style influencing t he social order of the society and the Dark Ages because this time was plagued with diseaseRead MoreThe Influence of Renaissance in Art and Architecture947 Words   |  4 PagesThe influences of any era is evident through artwork and architecture. During the Middle Ages the main influence was the church, this is evident through the focus on biblical and religious symbols. During the Renaissance the main focus was the study of people. This is shown through the increase in self portraits and classical antiquity-inspired buildings. The change between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is best shown through the art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasisRead MoreThe Pardoners Prologue And Tale By Chaucer Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pageswith power can influence less intelligent and poor people for financial gain, which was relevant in society during the Middle Ages. In Chaucer’s story, the Pardoner uses his influence and tells a tale of three men to convi nce the people to pay for him to pardon their sins. Chaucer’s tale and story is often used to emphasize the moral values in our society. There are many points in the tale that are based on the theme of greed being the cause of all evil in humanity, and the Middle Ages was a periodRead More Middle Ages Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesMiddle Ages The history of the modern world derives from thousands of years of human history. Embedded in its history are the many eras of man which have constructed our modern learning, art, beliefs, and order. The middle ages, although represented as â€Å"dark†, backwards, and idle, were in fact a bridge linking the classical and modern world. Medieval society may not have been in a sense glorious, but the era of itself was a prime foundation of the modern world’s newfound stability, a revivalRead MoreAn Instrument For The Discovery Of Truth1301 Words   |  6 PagesOn the contrary, Southern claims individualism stemmed from the development of knowledge and logic in the Middle Ages. He discusses how well-rounded knowledge directed a change in the structure of society. Knowledge is something present in all societies, but it is important to note that religious communities encouraged knowledge in expressing individualism, which was not present in the Catholic Church previously. The development of individualism in the secular society is crucial, because it meant

Pros And Cons Of Online Dating - 1350 Words

This article contains bias. The argument the article makes is online dating is beneficial to everyone because it is a way to meet people and talk with them before meeting them in person. It shows bias even though Ms. Spira was trying not to show bias. She did not seek any evidence beyond her viewpoint and experiences. She did not go beyond her expertise to show that there can be larger negative aspects to online dating (Boss, 8). The point in the article was if you want to meet your special someone you need to combine online dating and offline dating. Online dating will lead to offline dating which will lead to a long-term relationship. Examples of bias are the article presented pros and cons of both online dating and offline dating.†¦show more content†¦Ms. Spira’s resources are from her work as a â€Å"Cyber-Dating Expert†. She is able to present the argument as credible because she is classified as the go-to person for media and mobile dating. She has been coaching singles in the art of online dating for years and written a book on looking for love online. Her website states she is â€Å"America’s Top Online Dating Expert and Digital Matchmaker. (Prenner, 2017)† By coaching in the online field for many years and being an award-winning coach, people will believe this article to be credible. I am on the opposite side of Ms. Spira’s viewpoint. Online dating creates negative feelings and doubts in a person and a relationship. It also does not have a history of retaining long-term relationships. The people presenting themselves in the profiles are not forthcoming with their true selves and therefore, it takes even longer to get to know the person for real. John Walters wrote an article about online dating being impersonal. He states that online dating has made love and interaction a product. The article states there is not unpredictability in getting to know someone but it creates disappointment. Mr. Walters feel when one chooses to meet others on a dating website, they are rationalizing each trait they want in a mate and taking emotion completely out of the equation (Walters, 2011). Aditi Paul, PhD supports the claim that online dating does not create too many long-term relationships. The scholarlyShow MoreRelatedOnline Dating Pros and Cons1060 Words   |  5 Page sOnline dating allows singles, couples, or groups to meet each other online with the hopes of forming a social, romantic, or sexual relationship. Those that sign up with an online dating service typically provide information for other members to view in the form of a personal profile. This personal profile is the main deciding factor as to whether or not an online dater chooses to communication with another member of the online dating service. Online dating, a relatively new form of social matchmakingRead MoreOnline / Social Media And Dating1103 Words   |  5 PagesOnline/Social Media and Dating When it comes to the details about the beginning of mankind, kind few things can be proven or presented as an absolute fact. One of the things that is an exception, which would be love. Love, infatuation, attraction or whatever you want to call the almost undefinable attraction to another human has always been around. Now the never ending question is how do you find love, how do you find the person that some would even say is created for them? Over the years mankindRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media1114 Words   |  5 PagesFacebook, Twitter, Snapchat, dating sites. When using these sites it allows the users to create a platform for themselves, or just use then to feel connected with people you know. There are many pros a con that comes with using social media that can make people think differently of a person or the way of living. The pros of social media are absolutely harmless and could be beneficial to the people providing these pros and the people who like or relate to the pros. For example say an up comingRead MoreOnline Dating And The Internet944 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisements for online dating. Online dating is communicating with others through the internet with the objective of beginning a romantic relationship. You can join the online dating community through websites or apps. It is very common for individuals to take part in this method of dating. While some experiences with the service conclude with happy endings, you can’t be guaranteed one. There are dangerous factors when it comes to using online dating. The first online dating website was establishedRead MoreThe Problem Of Online Dating Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThere’s no question that dating 40 years ago was much different than dating now. While back then we actually had to go out and meet somebody to be seen, now, with the click of a button, our entire lives can instantly go public. Social media has created this labeling phenomenon in which individuals can categorize another based on a certain trait. Take online dating, for example. We set up a profile that includes hobbies, interests, places lived, and even sometimes body shape. But the most importantRead MoreOnline Dating Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesOnline Dating Some people today feel they cannot meet someone in their everyday lives so they turn to the internet to find a prospective partner, people us the internet as a way of meeting new people Online dating has become the new way of finding your soul mate The internet has made dating more convenient you no longer to have to go out to a bar and spend money trying to impress or you really don’t have, for people who are shy this is the perfect way to screen a potential in the privacy. I thoughtRead MoreLong Distance Relationships1595 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative aspects of Long Distance Relationships. Weaknesses, strengths and differences in long distance relationships versus geographically close relationships are evident. The articles represent studies that have been conducted and provide the pros and cons, and the different affects they have in relationships. â€Æ' Long Distance Relationships-Modern Media Long distance relationships can be stressful at times because of the distance between partners. However, distance can be beneficial, in many waysRead MoreOnline Dating1706 Words   |  7 PagesOnline dating is a which allows individuals, couples and groups to make contact and communicate with each other over the Internet, usually with the objective of developing a personal, romantic, or sexual relationship. Match making occurs over the Internet using computers or cellphones. In order to use an online dating service, people start by creating a profile with basic information about themselves such as gender, age, location, and interests, and at least one photo. Most online dating servicesRead MoreSocial Networking: Does It Do More Good to Us Than Bad1063 Words   |  5 Pagesfaster internet connections coming into service, the use of social networks have sky rocketed; especially among young adults. Since social networking has become such a controversial topic these days, I decided to conduct my research project on the pros and cons of social networking. Has it done more good to society than bad? These questions deserve to be answered because as more people move towards these new modes of communication, the higher the influence it will have on the society as a whole. In myRead MoreThe Is A Good Thing For Society?1019 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose. This term has been around since the 1980s, but never has it been more prevalent than now. It seems that not a w eek can go by without one of these online incidents appearing on the news. With technology advancing, it raises the following question: Are hacktivists beneficial or detrimental to society? After a careful analysis of the pros and cons, one side of this question becomes increasing favorable. Hacktivism is a good thing for society. First, it gives individuals the power to speak their

Innovative Views on Sports Medicine - 762 Words

Statistics show that high school athletes suffer almost two million sports-related injuries per year. These numbers are multiplied by five for professional athletes. Due to these high risks, scientists have dwelled into sports medicine and have brought many new studies to the surface. They span the variety of sports, injuries, ages, and abilities. With every new piece of research that the scientists receive, the studies are developed and now there is a very innovative view on sports medicine. In the article â€Å"Off Season May Not Be Long Enough to Recover From Football ‘Hits’†, scientists tracked the brain health of 15 college students, ten being football players, for six months. They tracked changes in the white matter of the brains of the students and found consistent developments with mild brain injuries. The students were tested once at the end of football season and once after 6 months of rest. The study concluded that six months of off season was not enough for the brain to completely heal from a concussion or similar brain injury. Due to many game injuries, researchers created â€Å"Quick Vision Test May Help Spot Concussions on Sidelines†. After testing, scientists concluded that there was a way to quickly detect concussions during games. The test could be administered by a coach, trainer or even a parent. It required the test taker to read a few rows of single digit numbers as quickly and accurately as they could. The time it took them to take the test was compared toShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is Evolving Every Single Day Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology is evolving every single day. Whether it is the newest and innovative microwave or a high definition 4K display televisions, technology has a huge influence in modern society. Like technology, video games are evolving just as fast; video games are now being created and exported faster than ever. There are a large variety of games that are being made. Any person today, could find and enjoy a game in a matter of minutes. Whether it is for casu ally playing games with family, or a competitiveRead MoreEssay on Should Marijuana Be Made Legal?1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I know that do it have never tried another drug other then marijuana. Throughout this report I will give you different views from different people on the legalization of Marijuana. Throughout this report I will discuss the youths, governments, polices, doctors, and elders point of view on the subject, then conclude with my own personal opinion. The youths point of view, I interviewed ten people for this report and they mostly all had the same opinion on this subject. Nine out of the ten peopleRead MoreCialis - Harvard Business School Case: Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market1439 Words   |  6 Pages1.Problem StatementLilly- ICOS LLC is about to launch a new and innovative product intended to help men suffering from Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Because of the unique product features, Cialis - the product - has good chances of becoming successful even though it is entering a segment, where Pfizers Viagra is the undisputed market leader. In this context, Lilly- ICOS LLC must decide on a marketing strategy, in particular which groups to target and which positioning thus which communication strategyRead MoreCompare the Business Model for Et Wal-Mart and Amazon1068 Words   |  5 Pagesretailer. Because who has such power in the retail market, is only a matter of time before the know-how, logistics, pricing policies, r ecognition, etc to use to market online sellers and become a leading online retailer. Walmart is known for its innovative solutions in retail, logistics and distribution of goods which reduces the cost of procurement of goods and thus can offer its customers the very low prices which are eventually reflected in the global success of Walmart, and I think it is reallyRead MoreRecruitment And Hiring Crisis Of American Law Enforcement1141 Words   |  5 Pagesagencies have been hard pressed to attract eligible Asian-Americans who can look pass cultural and language barriers. Many Asian immigrant parents discourage their children from becoming police officers and pursue high income professions such as medicine, business, law, and engineering (Chase, 2012). Asian parents often discourage their children from pursuing a career in law enforcement due to their past experiences with police and government officials back in their native country. Asian parentsRead MoreGoogle Glass, A Wearable Computing Device1631 Words   |  7 Pagesdevices that can collect information and may even have motion detectors. Wi-Fi or Bluetooth tethering is used to connect the device with an internet connection. Evolving examples of wearable technology include smart watches, clothing and jewellery, sports watches, fitness trackers, head-mounted displays and devices that can be implanted in the body. 1.2 Augmented Reality Augmented Reality (AR) is technology that allows virtual objects to be layered on to the actual environment in real time. TogetherRead MoreApplying Ball State University As An Example1469 Words   |  6 Pagespublicness if the organization. A major primary objective Ball State University has is focused on encouraging education. They happen to offer â€Å"about 190 majors and more than 130 minors† (Ball State University) ranging from accounting all the way to sports medicine. Which benefits potential applicants who want to study in areas they have similar interest in. However besides identifying which and what career path a student may want. Other factors such as diversity, resources, and financial capability playRead MoreThe Role Of Human Resources Throughout The United States Olympic Committee1791 Words   |  8 Pagesshifted to acquiring, managing and developing the most important assets, the role and activities of the department of Human Resources has become even more important within organizations that desire to †¢ build and maintain a reputable brand †¢ be an innovative force in the market †¢ provide a valuable consumer experience †¢ become a desirable place to work The United States Olympic Committee Founded in 1894, the Unites States Olympic Committee (USOC) aims to support the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic athletesRead MoreIntroduction Of Sudden Cardiac Death2915 Words   |  12 Pagesathletic training profession. Cardiovascular Screening Research suggests that pre-participation cardiovascular screening in sports is performed in order to identify cardiac abnormalities or delay progression of an existing cardiac disease. 1-3,6 The principal objective of a cardiac screening is to reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with organized sports and enhance the safety of athletic participation. 6 Current research states that there are no universal mandated guidelines forRead MoreCan We Tackle the Concussion Battle?3194 Words   |  13 Pagesspan for about 3  ½ years (Stradley, 2011). (Workman Pub Co, 2002) The NFL has added several new teams, provided innovative equipment, additional rules, distinctive playing styles, but most importantly there has been a revolutionary change of the NFL culture. The game of football is being played at a faster pace and players are becoming larger, and intelligent (Wharton, 2011). While the sport of football can be stressful, competitive, entertaining and enjoyable, it also poses a dangerous threat of injury

Glassjaw - Everything You Ever Wanted ... free essay sample

Breaking straightout of New York is a surprisingly good band, Glassjaw. Their debut CD,Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Silence, combineshardcore, emo and alternative music, and they pull it off quite nicely.The songs can go from bash-your-head screaming to soft, melodic vocalswithin 30 seconds. The song most likely to become the firstsingle, Siberian Kiss, starts off sounding almost like EarthCrisis or Strife, but quickly changes to something closer to a softerDeftones song. Incidentally, the Deftones, are touring with Glassjawthis summer pretty impressive considering that Glassjaw released theirfirst album less than two months before the tour. With so manyunoriginal bands out there, its great to see a band like Glassjawappear on the scene. The lead singer for this amazing quintet, DarylPalumbo, has a very different voice that many might not like at first,but after a while it becomes a sound you crave. The band also has twoguitarists, which sometimes hinders a band, but in Glassjaws casereally adds. We will write a custom essay sample on Glassjaw Everything You Ever Wanted or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finding a close comparison to this band is tough, soyoull just have to check them out for yourself. Its kind of likemixing the Deftones with Taproot and Vision of Disorder. Glassjawsmusic is a Venus flytrap; it lures and catches you. Once you are caught,youll never get out.

Pathophysiology And Pharmacology - Ardiovascular System

Questions: 1. Give an account of the roles of calcium in the cardiovascular system. Using named examples, explain how drugs perturb the cellular functions of calcium (directly or indirectly) in order to exert their physiological effects?2. (a) Give an account of the pharmacology of catecholamines and their actions in the cardiovascular system?(b) With reference to appropriate guidelines, explain how antagonists which perturb the cellular functions of catecholamines are used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease?3. (a) With reference to appropriate clinical guidelines, describe the rationale for the use of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the management of hypertension.(b) The primary concern of the physician, when presented with a newly-diagnosed hypertensive patient, should be rapidly to reduce their blood pressure to within normal levels To what extent could this statement be said to be true? Answers: 1: In the cardiovascular system the calcium is known as second messanger. It is worked as intracellular messenger. Through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) it is act as extracellular first messanger. In G-protein-coupled receptor of family C the calcium sensing receptor is found. Transmembrane domain receptors are also called as calcium-sensing receptor(CaR). Calcium acts as first messanger. Vrious cellular functions are regulated by calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). In blood vessels the calciumsensing receptors (CaR) have physiological roles. For maintaining and regulating mineral ion homeostasis calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) plays an important role. To maintain the potential differences through out the extra cellular cell membranes and proper bone formation extra cellular calcium plays an important role. In signal transduction calcium ions (Ca2+) are played an important role. The neurotransmitters are released from neuron and for this functions the calcium ions (Ca2+) are played a vital role as second messanger. In the physiology and biochemistry and the cell calcium ions (Ca+) play an important role. Ca2+ act as a second messanger. And also in transduction pathways they play a major role. In case of neurotransmitter release from neurons the calcium ion (Ca2+) acts as a second messenger. (SMAJILOVIC and TFELTHANSEN, 2007). Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration is kept low level of about 10(-7)M. When Ca(2+) concentration increases by specific stimuli via opening of channel proteins, Ca(2+) binds to Ca(2+)-binding proteins, activating specific proteins, results in responding the stimuli. 2. (a): By the conversion of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA) catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) are biosynthesized. From tyrosine to 3,4- dihydroxyphenylalamine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate limiting step. Catecholamine consists of two groups : catechol and an amine group. By activating G-protein coupled receptor catecholamines are acted exclusively. Circulating catecholamines are epinephrine and norepinephrine. Circulating Epinephrine Causes: The heart rate and inotrophy (-adrenoceptor mediated)is increased. Vasoconstriction is the major effect in most systemic arteries and veins. The cardiac output is increased because of the overall cardiovascular response. It happens for the response of cardiovascular system which shows low to moderate contractions. And the response of the cardiac output is redistributed to muscular. When the cardiac output is increased it is natural that the arterial pressure is also changed. But here arterial pressure is not changed becaused the activation of 2 receptor is helped to fall the systemic vascular resistance (Kalbunde, 2012). Arterial pressure is increased by epinephrine at high plasma concentrations because the 2 adrenoceptors are bound on blood vessels and for this reason 2 adrenoceptor mediated vasodialation is seen. Circulating Norepinephrine Causes: The heart rate and inotrophy (1 adrenoceptor mediated) are increased. And for this reason the nrepinephrine is effected directly on the heart. Vasoconstriction is the major effect in most systemic arteries and veins (post junctional 1 and 2 adrenoceptors). The cardiac output is increased because of the overall cardiovascular response and the systemic vascular resistance is also increased. As a reult the arterial blood pressure is raised. When the baro receptors are activated the heart rate is stimulated by norepinephrines. (b) : -blocker drug blocks the receptors to inhibit the functions of catecholamines. And as a result the heart rate and blood pressure are reduced. blockers are given to patient through a vein or by mouth. (Brindis and Walsh, 2010). When receptor numbers and catecholamine levels are increase, the effects of -blockers are greatest. The hearts ability to respond to stress is not completely diminished by -blockers. -blockers modify the response of heart to stress. Ability of heart for the responding to stress is not completely diminished by blockers. Fig: - adrenergic blocking drugs physiological effect in the presence of circulating catecholamines ; Source: (Brindis and Walsh, 2010) 3. (a) : Blood pressure and water (fluid) balance is regulated by rennin-angiotensinsystem (RAS) or the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It is a hormone system. Fig: Reninangiotensin aldosteron system; Source: (Paiardi et al., 2007) If there is loss of blood volume then the system is activated. An angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) is a type of drug which are used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Examples of ACE inhibitor includes: Capoten(captopril), Vssotec(enarapril), Monopril (fosinopril). Guidelines for ACE Inhibitors: According to guidelines on an empty stomach one hour before meal the drug should be taken. The patient should follow the directions to use the drug and how to take it. As per the condition of the patient the medication is decided and also followed some mojor factors. The factors which are to be followed are : the number of doses of drug should take each day, the time intervals between doses and the medication period. The medication period is very important for a patient and it is decided considering the condition of the patient. The prescribed order should be followed by a patient. Salt substitutes should not be taken by the patient who are suffering from hypertension. Because it contains potassium. The potassium is stored on the body by ACE inhibitors. It is necessary for a patient to choose a food chart which is not contained the sodium and the potassium levels. In this matter he dietitian chart should be followed by a patient. (b): The primary concern of the physician, when presented with a newly-diagnosed hypertensive patient, should be rapidly to reduce their blood pressure to within normal levels The statement is true. And the patients should follow the following advices: Preventing or treating obesity: NICE recommends starchs (potatoes, rice, bread and pasta), wholegrain, brown rice, bread. And very importantly snacks are not allowed for hypertension patients. The patient with hypertension should change his/her life style behavior. By changing the life style behavior the person can improve his/her health condition. Proper medication and the instructions (made by general physician) should be followed by the patients. Stopping smoking: Patients should stop smoking. Encouraging exercise: Physical activities (eg, walk or cycling, use the stairs instead of the lift if possible, walk at lunch time) are very useful to prevent hypertension. Salt reduction. Starting treatment. References Brindis, R. and Walsh, M. (2010). President's Page: Patient-Centered Cardiovascular Care: An ACC Initiative.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(2), pp.155-157. Klabunde, R. (2012).Cardiovascular physiology concepts. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins/Wolters Kluwer. Paiardi, S., Porteri, E., Rodella, L., De Ciuceis, C., Boari, G., Rezzani, R., Ricci, F., Bianchi, R., Rizzoni, D. and Agabiti Rosei, E. (2007). Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Ace Inhibitors Prevent Microvascular Rarefaction in the Skeletal Muscle of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.High Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Prevention, 14(3), pp.145-196. SMAJILOVIC, S. and TFELTHANSEN, J. (2007). Calcium acts as a first messenger through the calcium-sensing receptor in the cardiovascular system.Cardiovascular Research, 75(3), pp.457-467.